Unknown - "The World English Bible (WEB): John"

L. Frank Baum - "The Sea Fairies"

Thomas H. Huxley - "On the Study of Zoology"

Alexander Morris - "The Treaties of Canada with The Indians of Manitoba"

The 2002 CIA World Factbook

U >> US Government >> The 2002 CIA World Factbook




Highways: total: 11,900 km paved: 4,320 km unpaved: 7,580 km (1996)

Waterways: 5,310 km

Pipelines: refined products 815 km

Ports and harbors: Juba, Khartoum, Kusti, Malakal, Nimule, Port Sudan,
Sawakin

Merchant marine: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 39,545
GRT/51,195 DWT ships by type: cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2 (2002 est.)

Airports: 65 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 12 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047
m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2001)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 53 under 914 m: 11 (2001)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 26

Heliports: 1 (2001)

Military Sudan

Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Force Militia

Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 8,739,982 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 5,380,917
(2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 398,294
(2002 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $581 million (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.5% (1999)

Transnational Issues Sudan

Disputes - international: Sudan agrees in 2002 to demarcate whole
boundary with Ethiopia; Egypt and Sudan each claim to administer
triangular areas which extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary
along the 22nd Parallel (the north "Hala'ib Triangle" is the largest
with 20,580 sq km); in 2001, the two states agreed to discuss an "area
of integration" and withdraw military forces in the overlapping areas;
since colonial times, Kenya's administrative boundary has extended beyond
its treaty boundary into Sudan creating the "Ilemi Triangle"

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002



========================================================================


Svalbard

Introduction

Svalbard

Background: First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century,
the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and
18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years
later it officially took over the territory.

Geography Svalbard

Location: Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea,
Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway

Geographic coordinates: 78 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references: Arctic Region

Area: total: 62,049 sq km note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya
(Bear Island) water: 0 sq km land: 62,049 sq km

Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 3,587 km

Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM unilaterally claimed
by Norway but not recognized by Russia territorial sea: 4 NM

Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers,
cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts
of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west
coast clear of ice about one-half of the year; fjords along west and
north coasts

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m highest point:
Newtontoppen 1,717 m

Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife,
fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (no trees,
and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry) (1998 est.)

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Natural hazards: ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a
transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make
parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic

Environment - current issues: NA

Geography - note: northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists
of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area

People Svalbard

Population: 2,868 (July 2002 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA% 15-64 years: NA% 65 years and over: NA%

Population growth rate: -1.99% (2002 est.)

Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population

Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Sex ratio: NA

Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years
female: NA years

Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0% (2001)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 0 (2001)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 0 (2001)

Ethnic groups: Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Languages: Russian, Norwegian

Literacy: NA

Government Svalbard

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Svalbard (sometimes referred to as Spitzbergen)

Dependency status: territory of Norway; administered by the Polar
Department of the Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann)
residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920)
sovereignty was awarded to Norway

Government type: NA

Capital: Longyearbyen

Independence: none (territory of Norway)

National holiday: NA

Legal system: NA

Executive branch: chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since
17 January 1991) head of government: Governor Morten RUUD (since NA
November 1998) and Assistant Governor Odd Redar HUMLEGAARD (since NA)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant
governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice

International organization participation: none

Flag description: the flag of Norway is used

Economy Svalbard

Economy - overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on
Svalbard. The treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories
equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian
regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have
mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and
Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The
Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian
population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides
most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal,
polar bear, fox, and walrus.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $NA

GDP - real growth rate: NA%

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $NA

Population below poverty line: NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

Labor force: NA

Budget: revenues: $11.5 million expenditures: $11.5 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity - production: NA kWh

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA% other: NA% hydro:
NA% nuclear: NA%

Electricity - consumption: NA kWh

Exports: $NA

Imports: $NA

Economic aid - recipient: $8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Currency: Norwegian krone (NOK)

Currency code: NOK

Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.9684 (January 2002),
8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997)

Communications Svalbard

Telephones - main lines in use: NA

Telephones - mobile cellular: NA

Telephone system: general assessment: probably adequate domestic:
local telephone service international: satellite earth station - 1 of
unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0
(1998)

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: NA

Televisions: NA

Internet country code: .sj

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 13 (Svalbard and Jan Mayen) (2000)

Internet users: NA

Transportation Svalbard

Railways: 0 km

Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km

Waterways: none

Ports and harbors: Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)

Airports: 4 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2001)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2001)

Military Svalbard

Military - note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)

Transnational Issues Svalbard

Disputes - international: despite recent discussions, Russia and
Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's
fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard
Treaty zone

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002



========================================================================


Sweden

Introduction

Sweden

Background: A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not
participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was
preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula
of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements was
challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment, rising maintenance costs,
and a declining position in world markets. Indecision over the country's
role in the political and economic integration of Europe delayed Sweden's
entry into the EU until 1995, and waived the introduction of the euro
in 1999.

Geography Sweden

Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia,
Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway

Geographic coordinates: 62 00 N, 15 00 E

Map references: Europe

Area: total: 449,964 sq km water: 39,030 sq km land: 410,934 sq km

Area - comparative: slightly larger than California

Land boundaries: total: 2,205 km border countries: Finland 586 km,
Norway 1,619 km

Coastline: 3,218 km

Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines
territorial sea: 12 NM (adjustments made to return a portion of straits
to high seas)

Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point:
Kebnekaise 2,111 m

Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber,
uranium, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% other: 93% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in
the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic

Environment - current issues: acid rain damage to soils and lakes;
pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic
and North Seas

People Sweden

Population: 8,876,744 (July 2002 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: 18% (male 817,688; female 776,018) 15-64
years: 64.7% (male 2,922,095; female 2,824,770) 65 years and over: 17.3%
(male 651,120; female 885,053) (2002 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.02% (2002 est.)

Birth rate: 9.81 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate: 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 3.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: 82.64 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.54 children born/woman (2002 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.08% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 3,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality: noun: Swede(s) adjective: Swedish

Ethnic groups: indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs,
Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Religions: Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim,
Jewish, Buddhist

Languages: Swedish note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 99% (1979 est.) male: NA% female: NA%

Government Sweden

Country name: Kingdom of Sweden conventional short form: Government
type: constitutional monarchy

Capital: Stockholm

Administrative divisions: 21 counties (lan, singular and plural);
Blekinge, Dalarnas, Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands,
Jonkopings, Kalmar, Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands,
Skane, Sodermanlands, Stockholms, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens,
Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands

Independence: 6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

National holiday: Flag Day, 6 June

Constitution: 1 January 1975

Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch: chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19
September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977) head of government: Prime
Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March 1996) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by
the prime minister elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
elected by the Parliament; election last held NA September 1998 (next
to be held 20 September 2002) election results: Goran PERSSON reelected
prime minister with 131 out of 349 votes

Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members
are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to
serve four-year terms) elections: last held 20 September 1998 (next to
be held 15 September 2002) election results: percent of vote by party
- Social Democrats 36.5%, Moderates 22.7%, Left Party 12%, Christian
Democrats 11.8%, Center Party 5.1%, Liberal Party 4.7%, Greens 4.5%;
seats by party - Social Democrats 131, Moderates 82, Left Party 43,
Christian Democrats 42, Center Party 18, Liberal Party 17, Greens 16

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed
by the prime minister and the cabinet)

Political parties and leaders: Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian
Democratic Party [Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf
HAGEL]; Green Party [no formal leader but party spokespersons are Maria
WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Party or VP (formerly Communist)
[Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People's Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party
(conservative) [Bo LUNDGREN]; Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders: NA

International organization participation: AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group,
BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6,
G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUC,
NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR,
UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WEU
(observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Jan ELIASSON consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York FAX: [1]
(202) 467-2699 telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600 chancery: 1501 M Street NW,
Washington, DC 20005-1702

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Charles A. HEIMBOLD, Jr. embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589
Stockholm mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, Department of
State, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch) telephone: [46] (08) 783 53 00
FAX: [46] (08) 661 19 64

Flag description: blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges
of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side
in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Sweden

Economy - overview: Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole 20th
century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a
mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It
has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and
iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented
toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of
industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50%
of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and 2%
of the jobs. The government's commitment to fiscal discipline resulted
in a substantive budgetary surplus in 2001, but is expected to shrink
somewhat in 2002, due to the global economic slowdown, tax cuts, and
spending increases. The Swedish central bank (the Riksbank) is focusing
on price stability with an inflation target of 2% for 2002.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $219 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: 1.6% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $24,700 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2% industry: 28.7% services:
69.3% (2000)

Population below poverty line: NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)

Distribution of family income - Gini index: 25 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (2001 est.)

Labor force: 4.4 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74%
(2000 est.)

Unemployment rate: 3.9% (2001 est.)

Budget: revenues: $119 billion expenditures: $110 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed
foods, motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate: 4.5% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production: 144.621 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 6.06% hydro: 53.81%
other: 2.72% (2000) nuclear: 37.41%

Electricity - consumption: 139.176 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - exports: 13.628 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - imports: 18.306 billion kWh (2000)

Agriculture - products: barley, wheat, sugar beets; meat, milk

Exports: $96 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)

Exports - commodities: machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products,
pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals

Exports - partners: EU 53.6% (Germany 10.6%, UK 9.1%, Denmark 5.3%,
France 5.1%), US 9.5%, Norway 7.5% (2000)

Imports: $89.2 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)

Imports - commodities: machinery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners: EU 60.3% (Germany 16.3%, UK 8.8%, Denmark 6.7%,
France 5.6%), Norway 8.2%, US 6.7% (2000)

Debt - external: $66.5 billion (1994)

Economic aid - donor: ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)

Currency: Swedish krona (SEK)

Currency code: SEK

Exchange rates: Swedish kronor per US dollar - 10.4381 (January 2002),
10.3291 (2001), 9.1622 (2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications Sweden

Telephones - main lines in use: 6.017 million (December 1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 3.835 million (October 1998)

Telephone system: general assessment: excellent domestic and
international facilities; automatic system domestic: coaxial and
multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel
microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels
international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations -
1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and
Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station
with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios: 8.25 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions: 4.6 million (1997)

Internet country code: .se

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 29 (2000)

Internet users: 5.64 million (2000)

Transportation Sweden

Railways: total: 12,821 km standard gauge: 12,600 km 1.435-m gauge
(7,918 km electrified) narrow gauge: 221 km 0.891-m gauge (2001)

Highways: total: 210,760 km paved: 162,707 km (including 1,428 km of
expressways) unpaved: 48,053 km (1999)

Waterways: 2,052 km note: navigable to small steamers and barges

Pipelines: natural gas 84 km

Ports and harbors: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall,
Kalmar, Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall

Merchant marine: total: 174 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,255,344
GRT/1,609,844 DWT note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered
here as a flag of convenience: Denmark 8, Finland 8, Germany 3, Italy 3,
Japan 2, Norway 7 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 37, chemical
tanker 33, combination ore/oil 4, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 27,
railcar carrier 1, roll on/roll off 38, short-sea passenger 4, specialized
tanker 6, vehicle carrier 18

Airports: 255 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 147 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to
3,047 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 25 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 80

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 108 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under
914 m: 102 (2001)

Heliports: 1 (2001)

Military Sweden

Military branches: Army, Royal Navy (including Coast Artillery and
Naval Helicopter Service), Air Force

Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,060,205 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,800,991
(2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 51,506
(2002 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $4,395,100,000 (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.1% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Sweden

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002



========================================================================


South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Introduction South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Background: The islands lie approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland
Islands and have been under British administration since 1908 except for
a brief period in 1982 when Argentina occupied them. Grytviken, on South
Georgia, was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station. The famed
explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated
attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some 20 months later
with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a successful rescue
for the rest of his crew, stranded off the Antarctic Peninsula. He died
in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and is buried in Grytviken. Today, the
station houses scientists from the British Antarctic Survey. The islands
have large bird and seal populations and, recognizing the importance of
preserving the marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended
the exclusive fishing zone from 12 NM to 200 NM around each island.

Geography South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Location: Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean,
east of the tip of South America

Geographic coordinates: 54 30 S, 37 00 W

Map references: Antarctic Region

Area: total: 3,903 sq km note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke
Rocks, South Georgia Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands,
which consist of some nine islands water: 0 sq km land: 3,903 sq km

Area - comparative: slightly larger than Rhode Island

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: NA km

Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year
interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Terrain: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are
rugged and mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep,
glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic
origin with some active volcanoes

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point:
Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (largely
covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation consisting
of grass, moss, and lichen) (1998 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards: the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather
conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship;
they are also subject to active volcanism

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