John Richardson - "Wacousta"

William Shakespeare - "The Merry Wives of Windsor"

Virgil - "Vergil's Bucolics in Latin"

Edith Wharton - "The Descent of Man and Other Stories"

History of Friedrich II of Prussia V Vol 16

T >> Thomas Carlyle >> History of Friedrich II of Prussia V Vol 16



BOOK XVI.

THE TEN YEARS OF PEACE.

1746-1756.


Chapter I.

SANS-SOUCI.

Friedrich has now climbed the heights, and sees himself on the
upper table-land of Victory and Success; his desperate life-and-
death struggles triumphantly ended. What may be ahead, nobody
knows; but here is fair outlook that his enemies and Austria itself
have had enough of him. No wringing of his Silesia from this "bad
Man." Not to be overset, this one, by never such exertions;
oversets US, on the contrary, plunges us heels-over-head into the
ditch, so often as we like to apply to him; nothing but heavy
beatings, disastrous breaking of crowns, to be had on trying there!
"Five Victories!" as Voltaire keeps counting on his fingers, with
upturned eyes,--Mollwitz, Chotusitz, Striegau, Sohr, Kesselsdorf
(the last done by Anhalt; but omitting Hennersdorf, and that sudden
slitting of the big Saxon-Austrian Projects into a cloud of
feathers, as fine a feat as any),--"Five Victories!" counts
Voltaire; calling on everybody (or everybody but Friedrich himself,
who is easily sated with that kind of thing) to admire. In the
world are many opinions about Friedrich. In Austria, for instance,
what an opinion; sinister, gloomy in the extreme: or in England,
which derives from Austria,--only with additional dimness, and with
gloomy new provocations of its own before long! Many opinions about
Friedrich, all dim enough: but this, that he is a very demon for
fighting, and the stoutest King walking the Earth just now, may
well be a universal one. A man better not be meddled with, if he
will be at peace, as he professes to wish being.

Friedrich accordingly is not meddled with, or not openly meddled
with; and has, for the Ten or Eleven Years coming, a time of
perfect external Peace. He himself is decided "not to fight with a
cat," if he can get the peace kept; and for about eight years hopes
confidently that this, by good management, will continue possible;
--till, in the last three years, electric symptoms did again
disclose themselves, and such hope more and more died away. It is
well known there lay in the fates a Third Silesian War for him,
worse than both the others; which is now the main segment of his
History still lying ahead for us, were this Halcyon Period done.
Halcyon Period counts from Christmas-day, Dresden, 1745,--"from
this day, Peace to the end of my life!" had been Friedrich's fond
hope. But on the 9th day of September, 1756, Friedrich was again
entering Dresden (Saxony some twelve days before); and the Crowning
Struggle of his Life was, beyond all expectation, found to be still
lying ahead for him, awfully dubious for Seven Years thereafter!--

Friedrich's History during this intervening Halcyon or Peace Period
must, in some way, be made known to readers: but for a great many
reasons, especially at present, it behooves to be given in
compressed form; riddled down, to an immense extent, out of those
sad Prussian Repositories, where the grain of perennial, of
significant and still memorable, lies overwhelmed under rubbish-
mountains of the fairly extinct, the poisonously dusty and
forgettable;--ACH HIMMEL! Which indispensable preliminary process,
how can an English Editor, at this time, do it; no Prussian, at any
time, having thought of trying it! From a painful Predecessor of
mine, I collect, rummaging among his dismal Paper-masses, the
following Three Fragments, worth reading here:--

1. "Friedrich was as busy, in those Years, as in the generality of
his life; and his actions, and salutary conquests over
difficulties, were many, profitable to Prussia and to himself.
Very well worth keeping in mind. But not fit for History; or at
least only fit in the summary form; to be delineated in little,
with large generic strokes,--if we had the means;--such details
belonging to the Prussian Antiquary, rather than to the English
Historian of Friedrich in our day. A happy Ten Years of time.
Perhaps the time for Montesquieu's aphorism, 'Happy the People
whose Annals are blank in History-Books!' The Prussian Antiquary,
had he once got any image formed to himself of Friedrich, and of
Friedrich's History in its human lineaments and organic sequences,
will glean many memorabilia in those Years: which his readers then
(and not till then) will be able to intercalate in their places,
and get human good of. But alas, while there is no intelligible
human image, nothing of lineaments or organic sequences, or other
than a jumbled mass of Historical Marine-Stores, presided over by
Dryasdust and Human Stupor (unsorted, unlabelled, tied up in blind
sacks), the very Antiquary will have uphill work of it, and his
readers will often turn round on him with a gloomy expression
of countenance!"

2. "Friedrich's Life--little as he expected it, that day when he
started up from his ague-fit at Reinsberg, and grasped the fiery
Opportunity that was shooting past--is a Life of War. The chief
memory that will remain of him is that of a King and man who fought
consummately well. Not Peace and the Muses; no, that is denied him,
--though he was so unwilling, always, to think it denied! But his
Life-Task turned out to be a Battle for Silesia. It consists of
Three grand Struggles of War. And not for Silesia only;--
unconsciously, for what far greater things to his Nation and
to him!

"Deeply unconscious of it, they were passing their 'Trials,' his
Nation and he, in the great Civil-Service-Examination Hall of this
Universe: 'Are you able to defend yourselves, then; and to hang
together coherent, against the whole world and its incoherencies
and rages?' A question which has to be asked of Nations, before
they can be recognized as such, and be baptized into the general
commonwealth; they are mere Hordes or accidental Aggregates, till
that Question come. Question which this Nation had long been
getting ready for; which now, under this King, it answered to the
satisfaction of gods and men: 'Yes, Heaven assisting, we can stand
on our defence; and in the long-run (as with air when you try to
annihilate it, or crush it to NOTHING) there is even an infinite
force in us; and the whole world does not succeed in annihilating
us!' Upon which has followed what we term National Baptism;--or
rather this was the National Baptism, this furious one in torrent
whirlwinds of fire; done three times over, till in gods or men
there was no doubt left. That was Friedrich's function in the
world; and a great and memorable one;--not to his own Prussian
Nation only, but to Teutschland at large, forever memorable.

"'Is Teutschland a Nation; is there in Teutschland still a Nation?'
Austria, not dishonestly, but much sunk in superstitions and
involuntary mendacities, and liable to sink much farther, answers
always, in gloomy proud tone, 'Yes, I am the Nation of
Teutschland!'--but is mistaken, as turns out. For it is not
mendacities, conscious or other, but veracities, that the Divine
Powers will patronize, or even in the end will put up with at all.
Which you ought to understand better than you do, my friend.
For, on the great scale and on the small, and in all seasons,
circumstances, scenes and situations where a Son of Adam finds
himself, that is true, and even a sovereign truth. And whoever does
not know it,--human charity to him (were such always possible)
would be, that HE were furnished with handcuffs as a part of his
outfit in this world, and put under guidance of those who do.
Yes; to him, I should say, a private pair of handcuffs were much
usefuler than a ballot-box,--were the times once settled again,
which they are far from being!" ...

"So that, if there be only Austria for Nation, Teutschland is in
ominous case. Truly so. But there is in Teutschland withal, very
irrecognizable to Teutschland, yet authentically present, a Man of
the properly unconquerable type; there is also a select Population
drilled for him: these two together will prove to you that there is
a Nation. Conquest of Silesia, Three Silesian Wars; labors and
valors as of Alcides, in vindication of oneself and one's Silesia:
--secretly, how unconsciously, that other and higher Question of
Teutschland, and of its having in it a Nation, was Friedrich's sore
task and his Prussia's at that time. As Teutschland may be perhaps
now, in our day, beginning to recognize; with hope, with
astonishment, poor Teutschland!" ...

3. "And in fine, leaving all that, there is one thing undeniable:
In all human Narrative, it is the battle only, and not the victory,
that can be dwelt upon with advantage. Friedrich has now, by his
Second Silesian War, achieved Greatness: 'Friedrich the Great;'
expressly so denominated, by his People and others. The struggle
upwards is the Romance; your hero once wedded,--to GLORY, or
whoever the Bride may be,--the Romance ends. Precise critics do
object, That there may still lie difficulties, new perils and
adventures ahead:--which proves conspicuously true in this case of
ours. And accordingly, our Book not being a Romance but a History,
let us, with all fidelity, look out what these are, and how they
modify our Royal Gentleman who has got his wedding done. With all
fidelity; but with all brevity, no less. For, inasmuch as"--

Well, brevity in most cases is desirable. And, privately, it must
be owned there is another consideration of no small weight:
That, our Prussian resources falling altogether into bankruptcy
during Peace-Periods, Nature herself has so ordered it, in this
instance! Partly it is our Books (the Prussian Dryasdust reaching
his acme on those occasions), but in part too it is the Events
themselves, that are small and want importance; that have fallen
dead to us, in the huge new Time and its uproars. Events not of
flagrant notability (like battles or war-passages), to bridle
Dryasdust, and guide him in some small measure. Events rather
which, except as characteristic of one memorable Man and King, are
mostly now of no memorability whatever. Crowd all these
indiscriminately into sacks, and shake them out pell-mell on us:
that is Dryasdust's sweet way. As if the largest Marine-Stores
Establishment in all the world had suddenly, on hest of some
Necromancer or maleficent person, taken wing upon you; and were
dancing, in boundless mad whirl, round your devoted head;--
simmering and dancing, very much at its ease; no-whither;
asking YOU cheerfully, "What is your candid opinion, then?"
"Opinion," Heavens!--

You have to retire many yards, and gaze with a desperate
steadiness; assuring yourself: "Well, it does, right indisputably,
shadow forth SOMEthing. This was a Thing Alive, and did at one time
stick together, as an organic Fact on the Earth, though it now
dances in Dryasdust at such a rate!" It is only by self-help of
this sort, and long survey, with rigorous selection, and extremely
extensive exclusion and oblivion, that you gain the least light in
such an element. "Brevity"--little said, when little has been got
to be known--is an evident rule! Courage, reader; by good eyesight,
you will still catch some features of Friedrich as we go along.
To SAY our little in a not unintelligible manner, and keep the rest
well hidden, it is all we can do for you!--


FRIEDRICH DECLINES THE CAREER OF CONQUERING HERO; GOES INTO
LAW-REFORM; AND GETS READY A COTTAGE RESIDENCE FOR HIMSELF.

Friedrich's Journey to Pyrmont is the first thing recorded of him
by the Newspapers. Gone to take the waters; as he did after his
former War. Here is what I had noted of that small Occurrence, and
of one or two others contiguous in date, which prove to be of
significance in Friedrich's History.

"MAY 12-17th, 1746," say the old Books, "his Majesty sets out for
Pyrmont, taking Brunswick by the way; arrives at Pyrmont May 17th;
stays till June 8th;" three weeks good. "Is busy corresponding with
the King of France about a General Peace; but, owing to the
embitterment of both parties, it was not possible at this time."
Taking the waters at least, and amusing himself. From Brunswick, in
passing, he had brought with him his Brother-in-law the reigning
Duke; Rothenburg was there, and Brother Henri; D'Arget expressly;
Flute-player Quanz withal, and various musical people: "in all, a
train of above sixty persons." I notice also that Prince Wilhelm of
Hessen was in Pyrmont at the time. With whom, one fancies, what
speculations there might be: About the late and present War-
passages, about the poor Peace Prospects; your Hessian "Siege" so
called "of Blair in Athol" (CULLODEN now comfortably done), and
other cognate topics. That is the Pyrmont Journey.

It is no surprise to us to hear, in these months, of new and
continual attention to Army matters, to Husbandry matters; and to
making good, on all sides, the ruins left by War. Of rebuilding (at
the royal expense) "the town of Schmiedeberg, which had been
burnt;" of rebuilding, and repairing from their damage, all
Silesian villages and dwellings; and still more satisfactory, How,
"in May, 1746, there was, in every Circle of the Country, by exact
liquidation of Accounts [so rapidly got done], exact payment made
to the individuals concerned, 1. of all the hay, straw and corn
that had been delivered to his Majesty's Armies; 2. of all the
horses that had perished in the King's work; 3. of all the horses
stolen by the Enemy, and of all the money-contributions exacted by
the Enemy: payment in ready cash, and according to the rules of
justice (BAAR UND BILLIGMASSIG), by his Majesty." [Seyfarth, ii.
22, 23.]

It was from Pyrmont, May, 1746,--or more definitely, it was "at
Potsdam early in the morning, 15th September," following,--that
Friedrich launched, or shot forth from its moorings, after much
previous attempting and preparing, a very great Enterprise;
which he has never lost sight of since the day he began reigning,
nor will till his reign and life end: the actual Reform of Law in
Prussia. "May 12th, 1746," Friedrich, on the road to Pyrmont,
answers his Chief Law-Minister Cocceji's REPORT OF PRACTICAL PLAN
on this matter: "Yes; looks very hopeful!"--and took it with him to
consider at Pyrmont, during his leisure. Much considering of it,
then and afterwards, there was. And finally, September 15th, early
in the morning, Cocceji had an Interview with Friedrich; and the
decisive fiat was given: "Yes; start on it, in God's name!
Pommern, which they call the PROVINCIA LITIGIOSA; try it there
first!" [Ranke, ii. 392.] And Cocceji, a vigorous old man of sixty-
seven, one of the most learned of Lawyers, and a very Hercules in
cleaning Law-Stables, has, on Friedrich's urgencies,--which have
been repeated on every breathing-time of Peace there has been, and
even sometimes in the middle of War (last January, 1745, for
example; and again, express Order, January, 1746, a fortnight after
Peace was signed),--actually got himself girt for this salutary
work. "Wash me out that horror of accumulation, let us see the old
Pavements of the place again. Every Lawsuit to be finished within
the Year!"

Cocceji, who had been meditating such matters for a great while,
["1st March, 1738," Friedrich Wilhelm's "Edict" on Law Reform:
Cocceji ready, at that time;--but his then Majesty forbore.] and
was himself eager to proceed, in spite of considerable wigged
oppositions and secret reluctances that there were, did now, on
that fiat of September 15th, get his Select Commission of Six
riddled together and adjoined to him,--the likeliest Six that
Prussia, in her different Provinces, could yield;--and got the
STANDE of Pommern, after due committeeing and deliberating, to
consent and promise help. December 31st, 1746, was the day the
STANDE consented: and January 10th, 1747, Cocceji and his Six set
out for Pommern. On a longish Enterprise, in that Province and the
others;--of which we shall have to take notice, and give at least
the dates as they occur.

To sweep out pettifogging Attorneys, cancel improper Advocates, to
regulate Fees; to war, in a calm but deadly manner, against
pedantries, circumlocutions and the multiplied forms of stupidity,
cupidity and human owlery in this department;--and, on the whole,
to realize from every Court, now and onwards, "A decision to all
Lawsuits within a Year after their beginning." This latter result,
Friedrich thinks, will itself be highly beneficial; and be the sign
of all manner of improvements. And Cocceji, scanning it with those
potent law-eyes of his, ventures to assure him that it will be
possible. As, in fact, it proved;--honor to Cocceji and his King,
and King's Father withal. "Samuel von Cocceji [says an old Note],
son of a Law Professor, and himself once such,--was picked up by
Friedrich Wilhelm, for the Official career, many years ago. A man
of wholesome, by no means weakly aspect,--to judge by his Portrait,
which is the chief 'Biography' I have of him. Potent eyes and
eyebrows, ditto blunt nose; honest, almost careless lips, and deep
chin well dewlapped: extensive penetrative face, not pincered
together, but potently fallen closed;--comfortable to see, in a wig
of such magnitude. Friedrich, a judge of men, calls him 'a man of
sterling character (CARACTERE INTEGRE ET DROIT), whose qualities
would have suited the noble times of the Roman Republic.'"
[ OEuvres, iv. 2.] He has his Herculean
battle, his Master and he have, with the Owleries and the vulturous
Law-Pedantries,--which I always love Friedrich for detesting as he
does:--and, during the next five years, the world will hear often
of Cocceji, and of this Prussian Law-Reform by Friedrich and him.

His Majesty's exertions to make Peace were not successful;
what does lie in his power is, to keep out of the quarrel himself.
It appears great hopes were entertained, by some in England, of
gaining Friedrich over; of making him Supreme Captain to the Cause
of Liberty. And prospects were held out to him, quasi-offers made,
of a really magnificent nature,--undeniable, though obscure.
Herr Ranke has been among the Archives again; and comes out with
fractional snatches of a very strange "Paper from England;"
capriciously hiding all details about it, all intelligible
explanation: so that you in vain ask, "Where, When, How, By whom?"
--and can only guess to yourself that Carteret was somehow at the
bottom of the thing; AUT CARTERETUS AUT DIABOLUS. "What would your
Majesty think to be elected Stadtholder of Holland? Without a
Stadtholder, these Dutch are worth nothing; not hoistable, nor of
use when hoisted, all palavering and pulling different ways.
Must have a Stadtholder; and one that stands firm on some basis of
his own. Stadtholder of Holland, King of Prussia,--you then, in
such position, take the reins of this poor floundering English-
Dutch Germanic Anti-French War, you; and drive it in the style you
have. Conquer back the Netherlands to us; French Netherlands as
well. French and Austrian Netherlands together, yours in
perpetuity; Dutch Stadtholderate as good as ditto: this, with
Prussia and its fighting capabilities, will be a pleasant
Protestant thing. Austria cares little about the Netherlands, in
comparison. Austria, getting back its Lorraine and Alsace, will be
content, will be strong on its feet. What if it should even lose
Italy? France, Spain, Sardinia, the Italian Petty Principalities
and Anarchies: suppose they tug and tussle, and collapse there as
they can? But let France try to look across the Rhine again; and to
threaten Teutschland, England, and the Cause of Human Liberty
temporal or spiritual!"

This is authentically the purport of Herr Ranke's extraordinary
Document; [Ranke, iii. 359.] guessable as due to CARTERETUS or
DIABOLUS. Here is an outlook; here is a career as Conquering Hero,
if that were one's line! A very magnificent ground-plan; hung up to
kindle the fancy of a young King,--who is far too prudent to go
into it at all. More definite quasi-official offers, it seems, were
made him from the same quarter: Subsidies to begin with, such
subsidies as nobody ever had before; say 1,000,000 pounds sterling
by the Year. To which Friedrich answered, "Subsidies, your
Excellency?" (Are We a Hackney-Coachman, then?)--and, with much
contempt, turned his back on that offer. No fighting to be had, by
purchase or seduction, out of this young man. Will not play the
Conquering Hero at all, nor the Hackney-Coachman at all;
has decided "not to fight a cat" if let alone; but to do and
endeavor a quite other set of things, for the rest of his life.

Friedrich, readers can observe, is not uplifted with his greatness.
He has been too much beaten and bruised to be anything but modestly
thankful for getting out of such a deadly clash of chaotic swords.
Seems to have little pride even in his "Five Victories;" or hides
it well. Talks not overmuch about these things; talks of them, so
far as we can hear, with his old comrades only, in praise of THEIR
prowesses; as a simple human being, not as a supreme of captains;
and at times acknowledges, in a fine sincere way, the omnipotence
of Luck in matters of War.

One of the most characteristic traits, extensively symbolical of
Friedrich's intentions and outlooks at this Epoch, is his
installing of himself in the little Dwelling-House, which has since
become so celebrated under the name of Sans-Souci. The plan of
Sans-Souci--an elegant commodious little "Country Box," quite of
modest pretensions, one story high; on the pleasant Hill-top near
Potsdam, with other little green Hills, and pleasant views of land
and water, all round--had been sketched in part by Friedrich
himself; and the diggings and terracings of the Hill-side were just
beginning, when he quitted for the Last War. "April 14th, 1745,"
while he lay in those perilous enigmatic circumstances at Neisse
with Pandours and devouring bugbears round him, "the foundation-
stone was laid" (Knobelsdorf being architect, once more, as in the
old Reinsberg case): and the work, which had been steadily
proceeding while the Master struggled in those dangerous battles
and adventures far away from it, was in good forwardness at his
return. An object of cheerful interest to him; prophetic of calmer
years ahead.

It was not till May, 1747, that the formal occupation took place:
"Mayday, 1747," he had a grand House-heating, or "First Dinner, of
200 covers: and May 19th-20th was the first night of his sleeping
there." For the next Forty Years, especially as years advanced, he
spent the most of his days and nights in this little Mansion;
which became more and more his favorite retreat, whenever the
noises and scenic etiquettes were not inexorable. "SANS-SOUCI;"
which we may translate "No-Bother." A busy place this too, but of
the quiet kind; and more a home to him than any of the Three fine
Palaces (ultimately Four), which lay always waiting for him in the
neighborhood. Berlin and Charlottenburg are about twenty miles off;
Potsdam, which, like the other two, is rather consummate among
Palaces, lies leftwise in front of him within a short mile. And at
length, to RIGHT hand, in a similar distance and direction, came
the "NEUE SCHLOSS" (New Palace of Potsdam), called also the "PALACE
of Sans-Souci," in distinction from the Dwelling-House, or as it
were Garden-House, which made that name so famous.

Certainly it is a significant feature of Friedrich; and discloses
the inborn proclivity he had to retirement, to study and
reflection, as the chosen element of human life. Why he fell upon
so ambitious a title for his Royal Cottage? "No-Bother" was not
practically a thing he, of all men, could consider possible in this
world: at the utmost perhaps, by good care, "LESS-Bother"!
The name, it appears, came by accident. He had prepared his Tomb,
and various Tombs, in the skirts of this new Cottage: looking at
these, as the building of them went on, he was heard to say, one
day (Spring 1746), D'Argens strolling beside him: "OUI, ALORS JE
SERAI SANS SOUCI (Once THERE, one will be out of bother)!" A saying
which was rumored of, and repeated in society, being by such a man.
Out of which rumor in society, and the evident aim of the Cottage
Royal, there was gradually born, as Venus from the froth of the
sea, this name, "Sans-Souci;"--which Friedrich adopted; and, before
the Year was out, had put upon his lintel in gold letters. So that,
by "Mayday, 1747," the name was in all men's memories; and has
continued ever since. [Preuss, i. 268, &c.; Nicolai, iii. 1200.]
Tourists know this Cottage Royal: Friedrich's "Three Rooms in it;
one of them a Library; in another, a little Alcove with an iron
Bed" (iron, without curtains; old softened HAT the usual royal
nightcap)--altogether a soldier's lodging:--all this still stands
as it did. Cheerfully looking down on its garden-terraces, stairs,
Greek statues, and against the free sky:--perhaps we may visit it
in time coming, and take a more special view. In the Years now on
hand, Friedrich, I think, did not much practically live there, only
shifted thither now and then. His chief residence is still Potsdam
Palace; and in Carnival time, that of Berlin; with Charlottenburg
for occasional festivities, especially in summer, the gardens there
being fine.

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21

Copyright (c) 2007. topbookz.net. All rights reserved.