History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 19
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"SCHEDULE OF AMOUNTS [say for 1761]. To make up the Twenty-five
Million thalers, necessary for the Army, there are:--
"From our Prussian Countries, ruined, harried as THALERS
they have been, . . . . . . . . . . 4 millions only.
From Saxony and the other Wringings, . . . . . 7 millions.
English Subsidy (4 of good gold; becoppered
into double), . . . . . . . . . . . 8 "
From Ephraim and his Farm of the Mint
(MUNZ-PATENT), . . . . . . . . . . 7 "
In sum Twenty-six Millions; leaving you one Million of margin,--
and always a plenty of cash in hand for incidental sundries.
[Preuss, ii. 388.]
"Friedrich's own view of these sad matters, as he closes his
History of the Seven-Years War [at "Berlin,
17th December, 1763"], is in these words: 'May Heaven grant,--if
Heaven deign to look down on the paltry concerns of men,--that the
unalterable and flourishing destiny of this Country preserve the
Sovereigns who shall govern it from the scourges and calamities
which Prussia has suffered in these times of trouble and
subversion; that they may never again be forced to recur to the
violent and fatal remedies which we (L'ON) have been obliged to
employ in maintenance of the State against the ambitious hatred of
the Sovereigns of Europe, who wished to annihilate the House of
Brandenburg, and exterminate from the world whatever bore the
Prussian name!'" [ OEuvres de Frederic,
v. 234.]
OF THE SMALL-WAR IN SPRING, 1759. THERE ARE FIVE DISRUPTIONS
OF THAT GRAND CORDON (February-April); AND FERDINAND OF
BRUNSWICK FIGHTS HIS BATTLE OF BERGEN (April 13th).
Friedrich, being denied an aggressive course this Year, by no means
sits idly expectant and defensive in the interim; but, all the more
vigorously, as is observable, from February onwards, strikes out
from him on every side: endeavoring to spoil the Enemy's Magazines,
and cripple his operations in that way. So that there was, all
winter through, a good deal of Small-War (some of it not Small), of
more importance than usual,--chiefly of Friedrich's originating,
with the above view, or of Ferdinand his Ally's, on a still more
pressing score. And, on the whole, that immense Austrian-French
Cordon, which goes from the Carpathians to the Ocean, had by no
means a quiet time; but was broken into, and violently hurled back,
in different parts: some four, or even five, attacks upon it in
all; three of them by Prince Henri,--in two of which Duke
Ferdinand's people co-operated; the business being for mutual
behoof. These latter Three were famous in the world, that Winter;
and indeed are still recognizable as brilliant procedures of their
kind; though, except dates and results, we can afford almost
nothing of them here. These Three, intended chiefly against Reichs
people and their Posts and Magazines, fell out on the western and
middle part of the Cordon. Another attack was in the extreme
eastward, and was for Friedrich's own behoof; under Fouquet's
management;--intended against the Austrian-Moravian Magazines and
Preparations, but had little success. Still another assault, or
invasive outroad, northward against the Russian Magazines, there
also was; of which by and by. Besides all which, and more memorable
than all, Duke Ferdinand, for vital reasons of his own, fought a
Battle this Spring, considerable Battle, and did NOT gain it;
which made great noise in the world.
It is not necessary the reader should load his memory with details
of all these preliminary things; on the contrary, it is necessary
that he keep his memory clear for the far more important things
that lie ahead of these, and entertain these in a summary way, as a
kind of foreground to what is coming. Perhaps the following
Fractions of Note, which put matters in something of Chronological
or Synoptical form, will suffice him, or more than suffice. He is
to understand that the grand tug of War, this Year, gradually turns
out not to be hereabouts, nor with Daun and his adjacencies at all,
but with the Russians, who arrive from the opposite Northern
quarter; and that all else will prove to be merely prefatory and
nugatory in comparison.
JANUARY 2d, 1759: FRANKFURT-ON-MAYN, THOUGH IT IS A REICHSTADT,
FINDS ITSELF SUDDENLY BECOME FRENCH. "Prince de Soubise lies
between Mayn and Lahn, with his 25,000; beautifully safe and
convenient,--though ill off for a place-of-arms in those parts.
Opulent Frankfurt, on his right; how handy would that be, were not
Reichs Law so express! Marburg, Giessen are outposts of his;
on which side one of Ferdinand's people, Prince von Ysenburg,
watches him with an 8 or 10,000, capable of mischief in
that quarter.
"On the Eve of New-year's day, or on the auspicious Day itself,
Soubise requests, of the Frankfurt Authorities, permission for a
regiment of his to march through that Imperial City. To which, by
law and theory, the Imperial City can say Yes or No;
but practically cannot, without grave inconvenience, say other than
Yes, though most Frankfurters wish it could. 'Yes,' answer the
Frankfurt Magnates; Yes surely, under the known conditions.
Tuesday, January 2d, about 5 in the morning, while all is still
dark in Frankfurt, regiment Nassau appears, accordingly, at the
Sachsenhausen Gate, Town-guard people all ready to receive it and
escort it through; and is admitted as usual. Quite as usual: but
instead of being escorted through, it orders, in calm peremptory
voice, the Town-guard, To ground arms; with calm rapidity proceeds
to admit ten other regiments or battalions, six of them German;
seizes the artillery on the Walls, seizes all the other Gates:--and
poor Frankfurt finds itself tied hand and foot, almost before it is
out of bed! Done with great exactitude, with the minimum of
confusion, and without a hurt skin to anybody. The Inhabitants
stood silent, gazing; the Town-guard laid down their arms, and went
home. Totally against Law; but cleverly done; perhaps Soubise's
chief exploit in the world; certainly the one real success the
French have yet had.
"Soubise made haste to summon the Magistrates: 'Law of Necessity
alone, most honored Sirs! Reichs Law is clear against me. But all
the more shall private liberties, religions, properties, in this
Imperial Free-Town, be sacred to us. Defence against any
aggression: and the strictest discipline observed. Depend on me, I
bid you!'--And kept his word to an honorable degree, they say;
or in absence, made it be kept, during the Four Years that follow.
Most Frankfurters are, at heart, Anti-French: but Soubise's
affability was perfect; and he gave evening parties of a sublime
character; the Magistrates all appearing there, in their square
perukes and long gowns, with a mournful joy." [Tempelhof, iii. 7-8;
Stenzel, v. 198-200.]
Soubise soon went home, to assist in important businesses,--
Invasion of England, no less; let England look to itself this
Summer!--and Broglio succeeded him, as Army-Captain in the
Frankfurt parts; with laurels accruing, more or less. Soubise, like
Broglio, began with Rossbach; Soubise ends with Frankfurt, for the
present; where Broglio also gains his chief laurels, as will
shortly be seen. Frankfurt is a great gain to France, though an
illicit one. It puts a bar on Duke Ferdinand in that quarter;
secures a starting-point for attacks on Hessen, Hanover;
for co-operation with Contades and the Lower Rhine. It is the one
success France has yet had in this War, or pretty much that it ever
had in it. Due to Prince de Soubise, in that illegal fashion.--
A highly remarkable little Boy, now in his tenth year, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe, has his wondering eyes on these things: and, short
while hence, meets daily, on the stairs and lobbies at home, a
pleasant French Official Gentlemen who is quartered there;
------page 195 Book XIX-----^ [sic]-----------
between whom and Papa occur rubs,--as readers may remember, and
shall hear in April coming.
GRAND CORDON DISRUPTED: ERFURT COUNTRY, 16th FEBRUARY-2d MARCH.
"About six weeks after this Frankfurt achievement, certain
Reichsfolk and Austrian Auxiliaries are observed to be cutting down
endless timber, '18,800 palisades, 6,000 trees of 60 feet,' and
other huge furnishings, from the poor Duke of Gotha's woods;
evidently meaning to fortify themselves in Erfurt. Upon which
Prince Henri detaches a General Knobloch thitherward, Duke
Ferdinand contributing 4,000 to meet him there; which combined
expedition, after some sharp knocking and shoving, entirely
disrooted the Austrians and Reichsfolk, and sent them packing.
Had them quite torn out by the end of the month; and had planned to
'attack them on two sides at once' (March 2d), with a view of
swallowing them whole,--when they (these Reichs Volscians, in such
a state of flutter) privately hastened off, one and all of them,
the day before." [Narrative, in Helden-Geschichte, italic> v. 1022 et seq.]
This was BREAKAGE FIRST of the Grand Cordon; an explosive hurling
of it back out of those Erfurt parts. Done by Prince Henri's
people, in concert with Duke Ferdinand's,--who were mutually
interested in the thing.
BREAKAGE SECOND: ERFURT-FULDA COUNTRY, 31st MARCH-8th APRIL.
"About the end of March, these intrusive Austrian Reichsfolk made
some attempt to come back into those Countries; but again got
nothing but hard knocks; and gave up the Erfurt project. For, close
following on this FIRST, there was a SECOND still deeper and
rougher Breakage, in those same regions; the Hereditary Prince of
Brunswick dashing through, on a special Errand of Ferdinand's own
[of which presently], with an 8 or 10,000, in his usual fiery
manner; home into the very bowels of the Reich (April 3d, and for a
week onward); and returning with 'above 2,000 prisoners' in hand;
especially with a Reich well frightened behind him;--still in time
for Duke Ferdinand's Adventure [in fact, for his Battle of Bergen,
of which we are to hear]. Had been well assisted by Prince Henri,
who 'made dnngerous demonstrations in the distance,' and was
extremely diligent--though the interest was chiefly Ferdinand's
this time." [Tempelhof, iii. 19-22.]--Contemporary with that FIRST
Erfurt Business, there went on, 300 miles away from it, in the
quite opposite direction, another of the same;--too curious to
be omitted.
ACROSS THE POLISH FRONTIER: FEBRUARY, 24th-MARCH 4th. "In the end
of February, General Wobersnow, an active man, was detached from
Glogau, over into Poland, Posen way, To overturn the Russian
provision operations thereabouts; in particular, to look into a
certain high-flying Polack, a Prince Sulkowski of those parts;
who with all diligence is gathering food, in expectation of the
Russian advent; and indeed has formally 'declared War against the
King of Prussia;' having the right, he says, as a Polish Magnate,
subject only to his own high thought in such affairs. The Russians
and their wars are dear to Sulkowski. He fell prisoner in their
cause, at Zorndorf, last Autumn; was stuck, like all the others,
Soltikoff himself among them, into the vaulted parts of Custrin
Garrison: 'I am sorry I have no Siberia for you,' said Friedrich,
looking, not in a benign way, on the captive Dignitaries, that hot
afternoon; 'go to Custrin, and see what you have provided for
yourselves!' Which they had to do; nothing, for certain days, but
cellarage to lodge in; King inexorable, deaf to remonstrance.
Which possibly may have contributed to kindle Sulkowski into these
extremely high proceedings.
"At any rate, Wobersnow punctually looks in upon him: seizes his
considerable stock of Russian proviants; his belligerent force, his
high person itself; and in one luckless hour snuffs him out from
the list of potentates. His belligerent force, about 1,000 Polacks,
were all compelled, 'by the cudgel, say my authorities, to take
Prussian service [in garrison regiments, and well scattered about,
I suppose]; his own high person found itself sitting locked in
Glogau, left to its reflections. Sat thus 'till the War ended,' say
some; certainly till the Sulkowski War had been sufficiently
exploded by the laughter of mankind." Here are, succinctly, the
dates of this small memorability:--
"End of February, Wobersnow gathers, at Glogau, a force of about
8,000 horse and foot. Marches, 24th FEBRUARY, over Oder Bridge,
straight into Poland; that same night, to the neighborhood of Lissa
and Reisen (Sulkowski's dominion), about thirty miles northeast of
Glogau. Sulkowski done next day;--part of the capture is 'fifteen
small guns.' Wobersnow goes, next, for Posen; arrives, 28th
FEBRUARY; destroys Russian Magazine, ransoms Jews. Shoots out other
detachments on the Magazine Enterprise;--detaches Platen along the
Warta, where are picked up various items, among others 'eighty tuns
of brandy,'--but himself proceeds no farther than Posen. MARCH 4th,
sets out again from Posen, homewards." [NACHRICHT VON DER
UNTERNEHMUNG DES GENERAL-MAJORS VON WOBERSNOW IN POLEN, IM FEB. UND
MARZ. 1759: in Seyfarth, Beylagen, ii.
526-529. Helden-Geschichte, v. 829.] We shall
hear again of Wobersnow, in a much more important way, before long.
To the Polish Republic so called, Friedrich explained politely, not
apologetically: "Since you allow the Russians to march through you
in attack of me, it is evident to your just minds that the attacked
party must have similar privilege." "Truly!" answered they, in
their just minds, generally; and I made no complaint about
Sulkowski (though Polish Majesty and Primate endeavored to be loud
about "Invasion" and the like):--and indeed Polish Republic was
lying, for a long while past, as if broken-backed, on the public
highway, a Nation anarchic every fibre of it, and under the feet
and hoofs of travelling Neighbors, especially of Russian Neighbors;
and is not now capable of saying much for itself in such cases, or
of doing anything at all.
FRANKFURT COUNTRY, APRIL 13th: DUKE FERDINAND'S BATTLE OF BERGEN.
"Duke Ferdinand, fully aware what a stroke that seizure of
Frankfurt was to him, resolved to risk a long march at this bad
season, and attempt to drive the French out. Contades was absent in
Paris,--no fear of an attack from Contades's Army; Broglio's in
Frankfurt, grown now to about 35,000, can perhaps be beaten if
vigorously attacked. Ferdinand appoints a rendezvous at Fulda, of
various Corps, Prince Ysenburg's and others, that lie nearest,
Hessians many of them, Hanoverians others; proceeds, himself, to
Fulda, with a few attendants [a drive of about 200 miles];--having
left Lord George Sackville [mark the sad name of him!]--Sackville,
head of the English, and General Sporken, a Hanoverian,--to take
charge in Munster Country, during his absence. It was from Fulda
that he shot out the Hereditary Prince on that important Errand we
lately spoke of, under the head of 'BREAKAGE SECOND,'--namely, to
clear his right flank, and scare the Reich well off him, while he
should be marching on Frankfurt. All which, Henri assisting from
the distance, the Hereditary Prince performed to perfection,--and
was back (APRIL 8th) in excellent time for the Battle.
"Ferdinand stayed hardly a day in Fulda, ranking himself and
getting on the road. Did his long march of above 100 miles without
accident or loss of time;--of course, scaring home the Broglio
Outposts in haste enough, and awakening Broglio's attention in a
high degree;--and arrives, Thursday, April 12th, at Windecken, a
Village about fifteen miles northeast of Frankfurt; where he passes
the night under arms; intending Battle on the morrow. Broglio is
all assembled, 35,000 strong; his Assailant, with the Hereditary
Prince come in, counts rather under 30,000. Broglio is posted in,
and on both sides of, Bergen, a high-lying Village, directly on
Ferdinand's road to Frankfurt. Windecken is about fifteen miles
from Frankfurt; Bergen about six:--idle Tourists of our time, on
their return from Homburg to that City, leave Bergen a little on
their left. The ground is mere hills, woody dales, marshy brooks;
Broglio's position, with its Village, and Hill, and ravines and
advantages, is the choicest of the region; and Broglio's methods,
procedures and arrangements in it are applauded by all judges.
"FRIDAY, 13th APRIL, 1759, Ferdinand is astir by daybreak; comes
on, along one of those woody balleys, pickeering, reconnoitring;--
in the end, directly up the Hill of Bergen; straight upon the
key-point. It is about 10 A.M., when the batteries and musketries
awaken there; very loud indeed, for perhaps two hours or more.
Prince von Ysenburg is leader of Ferdinand's attacking party.
Their attack is hot and fierce, and they stick to it steadily;
though garden-hedges, orchards and impediments are many, and
Broglio, with, much cannon helping, makes vigorous defence.
These Ysenburgers fought till their cartridges were nearly spent,
and Ysenburg himself lay killed; but could not take Bergen.
Nor could the Hereditary Prince; who, in aid of them, tried it in
flank, with his own usual impetuosity rekindling theirs, and at
first with some success; but was himself taken in flank by
Broglio's Reserve, and obliged to desist. No getting of Bergen by
that method.
"Military critics say coolly, 'You should have smashed it well with
cannon, first [which Ferdinand had not in stock here];
and especially have flung grenadoes into it, till it was well in
flame: impossible otherwise!' [Mauvillon, ii. 19.] The Ysenburgers
and Hereditary Prince withdraw. No pursuit of them; or almost less
than none; for the one or two French regiments that tried it
(against order), nearly got cut up. Broglio, like a very Daun at
Kolin, had strictly forbidden all such attempts: 'On no temptation
quit your ground!'
"The Battle, after this, lay quiet all afternoon; Ferdinand still
in sight; motioning much, to tempt French valor into chasing of
him. But all in vain: Broglio, though his subalterns kept urging,
remonstrating, was peremptory not to stir. Whereupon, towards
evening, across certain woody Heights, perhaps still with some hope
of drawing him out, Ferdinand made some languid attempt on
Broglio's wing, or wings;--and this also failing, had to give up
the affair. He continued cannonading till deep in the night;
withdrew to Windecken: and about two next morning, marched for
home,--still with little or no pursuit: but without hope of
Frankfurt henceforth. And, in fact, has a painful Summer ahead.
"Ferdinand had lost 5 cannon, and of killed and wounded 2,500;
the French counted their loss at about 1,900. [Mauvillon, ii.
10-19; Tempelhof, iii. 26-31.] The joy of France over this immense
victory was extraordinary. Broglio was made Prince of the Reich,
Marechal de France; would have been raised to the stars, had one
been able,--for the time being. 'And your immense victory,' so
sneered the by-standers, 'consists in not being beaten, under those
excellent conditions;--perhaps victory is a rarity just now!'"
This is the Battle which our Boy-Friend Johann Wolfgang watched
with such interest, from his garret-window, hour after hour;
all Frankfurt simmering round him, in such a whirlpool of self-
contradictory emotions; till towards evening, when, in long rows of
carts, poor wounded Hessians and Hanoverians came jolting in, and
melted every heart into pity. into wailing sorrow, and eagerness to
help. A little later, Papa Goethe, stepping downstairs, came across
the Official French Gentleman; who said radiantly: "Doubtless you
congratulate yourself and us on this victory to his Majesty's
arms." "Not a whit (KEINESWEGS)," answers Papa Goethe, a stiff kind
of man, nowise in the mood of congratulating: "on the contrary, I
wish they had chased you to the Devil, though I had had to go too!"
Which was a great relief to his feelings, though a dangerous one in
the circumstances. [Goethe's WERKE (Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1829),
xxiv. (DICHTUNG UND WAHRHEIT, i.), 153-157.]
BREAKAGE THIRD: OVER THE METAL MOUNTAINS INTO BOHMEN (APRIL
14th-20th). "Ferdinand's Battle was hardly ending, when Prince
Henri poured across the Mountains,--in two columns, Hulsen leading
the inferior or rightmost one,--into Leitmeritz-Eger Country;
and made a most successful business of the Austrian Magazines he
found there. Magazines all filled; Enemy all galloping for Prag:--
Daun himself, who is sitting vigilant, far in the interior, at
Jaromirtz this month past, was thrown into huge flurry, for some
days! Speedy Henri (almost on the one condition of BEING speedy)
had his own will of the Magazines: burnt, Hulsen and he, 'about
600,000 pounds worth' of Austrian provender in those parts, 'what
would have kept 50,000 men five months in bread' (not to mention
hay at all); gave the Enemy sore slaps (caught about 3,000 of him,
NOT yet got on gallop for Prag); burnt his 200 boats on the Elbe:--
forced him to begin anew at the beginning; and did, in effect,
considerably lame and retard certain of his operations through the
Summer. Speedy Henri marched for home April 20th; and was all
across the Mountains April 23d: a profitable swift nine days."
[Tempelhof iii. 47-53; Helden-Geschichte,
v. 963-966.]--And on the sixth day hence he will have something
similar, and still more important, on foot. A swift man, when
he must!
BREAKAGE FOURTH: INTO MAHREN (APRIL 16th-21st). "This is Fouquet's
attempt, alluded to above; of which--as every reader must be
satisfied with Small-War--we will give only the dates.
Fouquet, ranking at Leobschutz, in Neisse Country, did break
through into Mahren, pushing the Austrians before him; but found
the Magazines either emptied, or too inaccessible for any worth
they had;--could do nothing on the Magazines; and returned without
result; home at Leobschutz again on the fifth day." [
Helden-Geschichte, v. 958-963; Tcmpelhof, iii. 44-47.]
This, however, had a sequel for Fouquet; which, as it brought the
King himself into those neighborhoods, we shall have to mention,
farther on.
BREAKAGE FIFTH: INTO FRANKEN (MAY 5th-JUNE 1st). "This was Prince
Henri's Invasion of the Bamberg-Nurnberg Countries; a much sharper
thing than in any former Year. Much the most famous, and," luckily
for us, "the last of the Small-War affairs for the present.
Started,--from Tschopau region, Bamberg way,--April 29th-May 5th.
In Three Columns: Finck leftmost, and foremost (Finck had marched
April 29th, pretending to mean for Bohemia); after whom Knobloch;
and (May 5th) the Prince himself. Who has an eye to the Reichs
Magazines and Preparations, as usual;--nay, an eye to their Camp of
Rendezvous, and to a fight with their miscellaneous Selves and
Auxiliaries, if they will stand fight. 'You will have to leave
Saxony, and help us with the Russians, soon: beat those Reichs
people first!' urged the King; 'well beaten, they will not trouble
Saxony for a while.' If they will stand fight? But they would not
at all. They struck their tents everywhere; burnt their own
Magazines, in some cases; and only went mazing hither and thither,
--gravitating all upon Nurnberg, and an impregnable Camp which they
have in that neighborhood. Supreme Zweibruck was himself with them;
many Croats, Austrians, led by Maguire and others; all marching,
whirling at a mighty rate; with a countenance sometimes of vigor,
but always with Nurnberg Camp in rear. There was swift marching,
really beautiful manoeuvring here and there; sharp bits of
fighting, too, almost in the battle-form:--Maguire tried, or was
for trying, a stroke with Finck; but made off hastily, glad to get
away. [Templehof, iii. 64.] May 11th, at Himmelskron in Baireuth,
one Riedesel of theirs had fairly to ground arms, self and 2,500,
and become prisoners of war." Much of this manoeuvring and
scuffling was in Baireuth Territory. Twice, or even thrice, Prince
Henri was in Baireuth Town: "marched through Baireuth," say the
careless Old Books. Through Baireuth:--No Wilhelmina now there,
with her tremulous melodies of welcome! Wilhelminn's loves, and
terrors for her loved, are now all still. Perhaps her poor Daughter
of Wurtemberg, wandering unjustly disgraced, is there; Papa, the
Widower Margraf, is for marrying again: [Married 20th September,
1759 (a Brunswick Princess, Sister's-daughter of his late Wife);
died within four years.]--march on, Prince Henri!
"In Bamberg," says a Note from Archenholtz, "the Reichs troops
burnt their Magazine; and made for Nurnberg, as usual; but left
some thousand or two of Croats, who would not yet. Knobloch and his
Prussians appeared shortly after; summoned Bamberg, which agreed to
receive them; and were for taking possession; but found the Croats
determined otherwise. Fight ensued; fight in the streets; which, in
hideousness of noises, if in nothing else, was beyond parallel.
The inhabitants sat all quaking in their cellars; not an inhabitant
was to be seen: a City dead,--and given up to the demons, in this
manner. Not for some hours were the Croats got entirely trampled
out. Bamberg, as usual, became a Prussian place-of-arms;
was charged to pay ransom of 40,000 pounds;--'cannot possibly!'--
did pay some 14,000 pounds, and gave bills for the remainder."
[Archenholtz. i. 371-373.] Which bills, let us mark withal, the
Kaiser in Reichs Diet decreed to be invalid: "Don't pay them!"
A thing not forgotten by Friedrich;--though it is understood the
Bambergers, lest worse might happen, privately paid their bills.
"The Expedition lasted, in whole, not quite four weeks: June 1st,
Prince Henri was at the Saxon frontier again; the German world all
ringing loud,--in jubilation, counter-jubilation and a great
variety of tones,--with the noise of what he had done. A sharp
swift man; and, sure enough, has fluttered the Reichs Volscians in
their Corioli to an unexpected degree." [Seyfarth,
Beylagen, ii. 537-563; BERICHT VON DER UNTERNEHMUNG
DES PRINZEN HEINRICH IN FRANKEN, IM JAHR, 1759; Helden-
Geschichte, v. 1033-1039; Tempelhof, ????, et seq.]
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