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School History of North Carolina

J >> John W. Moore >> School History of North Carolina



This eBook was prepared by Bruce Loving



SCHOOL HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA,
FROM 1584 TO THE PRESENT TIME.

BY JOHN W. MOORE.
REVISED AND ENLARGED.




PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.

In the publication of a fourteenth edition it seems proper that
something should be said as to changes made in this work. At a
session of the North Carolina Board of Education, held November
22d, 1881, it was resolved that "the Board expressly reserve to
itself the right to require further revisions" in Moore's School
History of North Carolina, the second edition of which was then
adopted for use in the public schools.

Conforming to this requirement of the State Board of Education,
the author has diligently sought aid and counsel in the effort
to perfect this work. To Mrs. C. P. Spencer, E. J. Hale, Esq.,
of New York, and Hon. Montford McGehee, Commissioner of
Agriculture, the work is indebted for many valuable suggestions,
but still more largely to Col. W. L. Saunders, Secretary of
State, who has aided assiduously not only in its revision, but
in its progress through the press.

The teacher of North Carolina History will be greatly aided in
the work by having a wall map of North Carolina before the
class, and to this end the publishers have prepared a good and
accurate school map, which will be furnished at a special low
price.






CONTENTS.

CHAPTER.
I. Physical Description of North Carolina
II. Physical Description--Continued
III. Geological Characteristics
IV. The Indians
V. Sir Walter Raleigh
VI. Discovery of North Carolina
VII. Governor Lane's Colony
VIII. Governor White's Colony
IX. The Fate of Raleigh
X. Charles II. and the Lords Proprietors
XI. Governor Drummond and Sir John Yeamans
XII. Governor Stephens and the Fundamental Constitutions
XIII. Early Governors and their Troubles
XIV. Lord Carteret adds a New Trouble
XV. Thomas Carey and the Tuscarora War
XVI. Governor Eden and Black-Beard
XVII. Governor Gabriel Johnston
XVIII. The Pirates and Other Enemies
XIX. Governor Arthur Dobbs
XX. Governor Tryon and the Stamp Act
XXI. Governor Tryon and the Regulators
XXII. Governor Martin and the Revolution
XXIII. First Provincial Congress
XXIV. Second Provincial Congress
XXV. The Congress at Hillsboro
XXVI. Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge
XXVII. Fourth Provincial Congress Declares Independence
XXVIII. Adoption of a State Constitution
XXIX. The War Continued
XXX. Stony Point and Charleston
XXXI. Ramsour's Mill and Camden Court House
XXXII. Battle of King's Mountain
XXXIII. Cornwallis's Last Invasion
XXXIV. Battle of Guilford Court House
XXXV. Fanning and his Brutalities
XXXVI. Peace and Independence
XXXVII. The State of Franklin
XXXVIII. Formation of the Union
XXXIX. France and America
XL. The Federalists and the Republicans
XLI. Closing of the Eighteenth Century
XLII. Growth and Expansion
XLIII. Second War with Great Britain
XLIV. After the Storm
XLV. The Whigs and the Democrats
XLVI. The Condition of the State
XLVII. The Courts and the Bar
XLVIII. Origin of the Public Schools
XLIX. Slavery and Social Development
L. The Mexican War
LI. The North Carolina Railway and the Asylums
LII. A Spectre of the Past Re-appears
LIII. The Social and Political Status
LIV. President Lincoln and the War
LV. The War Between the States
LVI. The Combat Deepens
LVII. The War Continues
LVIII. War and its Horrors
LIX. The Death Wound at Gettysburg
LX. General Grant and his Campaign
LXI. North Carolina and Peace-making
LXII The War Draws to a Close
LXIII. Concluding Scenes of the War
LXIV. Refitting the Wreck
LXV. Governor Worth and President Johnson
LXVI. Results of Reconstruction
LXVII Results of Reconstruction--Continued
LXVIII. Impeachment of Governor Holden
LXIX. Resumption of Self-Government
LXX. The Cotton Trade and Factories
LXXI. Progress of Material Development
LXXII. The Railroads and New Towns
LXXIII. Literature and Authors
LXXIV. The Colleges and Schools
LXXV. Conclusion



APPENDIX.

Constitution of North Carolina
Questions on the Constitution



HINTS TO TEACHERS.

It is well known that any subject can be more thoroughly taught
when both the eye and the mind of the pupil are used as mediums
for imparting the knowledge; and the teacher of "North Carolina
History" will find a valuable help in a wall map of the State
hung in convenient position for reference while the history
class is reciting.

Require the pupils to go to the map and point out localities
when mentioned, also places adjoining; trace the courses of the
rivers which have a historical interest, and name important
towns upon their banks. A good, reliable wall map of North
Carolina can he procured at a moderate price from the publishers
of this work.

It has been deemed proper to make the chapters short, that each
may form one lesson. At the close of each chapter will be found
questions upon the main points of the lesson. These will
furnish thought for many other questions which will suggest
themselves to the teacher. There are many small matters of local
State history which can be given with interest to the class,
from time to time, as appropriate periods are reached. These
minor facts could not be included in the compass of a school
book, but a teacher will be helped by referring occasionally to
"Moore's Library History of North Carolina."

Inspire your pupils with a spirit of patriotism and love for
their native State. A little effort in this direction will show
you how easily it can be done. In every boy and girl is a
latent feeling of pride in whatever pertains to the welfare of
their native State, and this feeling should be cultivated and
enlarged, and thus the children make better citizens when grown.
The history of our State is filled with events which, told to
the young, will fix their attention, and awaken a desire to know
more of the troubles and noble deeds of the people who laid the
foundation of this Commonwealth.

The Appendix contains the present "Constitution of North Carolina."
Then follows a series of "Questions on the Constitution," prepared
expressly for this work by Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL. D., President
of the University of North Carolina. This is an entirely new and
valuable feature in a school book, and contains an analysis of our
State government. This is just the information that every citizen of
North Carolina ought to possess, and teachers should require all
their students of this history to read and study the Constitution
and endeavor to answer the questions thereon.

No State in the Union possesses a record of nobler achievements
than North Carolina. Her people have always loved liberty for
themselves, and they offered the same priceless boon to all who
came within her borders; and it was a full knowledge of this
trait of our people which made Bancroft say "North Carolina was
settled by the freest of the free."




CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA.

The State of North Carolina is included between the parallels
34° and 362° north latitude, and between the meridians 752° and
842° west longitude. Its western boundary is the crest of the
Smoky Mountains, which, with the Blue Ridge, forms a part of the
great Appalachian system, extending almost from the mouth of the
St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; its eastern is the Atlantic
Ocean. Its mean breadth from north to south is about one hundred
miles; its extreme breadth is one hundred and eighty-eight miles.
The extreme length of the State from east to west is five hundred
miles. The area embraced within its boundaries is fifty-two
thousand two hundred and eighty-six square miles.

2. The climate of North Carolina is mild and equable. This is
due in part to its geographical position; midway, as it were,
between the northern and southern limits of the Union. Two other
causes concur to modify it; the one, the lofty Appalachian chain,
which forms, to some extent, a shield from the bleak winds of the
northwest; the other, the softening influence of the Gulf Stream,
the current of which sweeps along near its shores.

3. The result of these combined causes is shown in the character
of the seasons. Fogs are almost unknown; frosts occur not until
the middle of October; ice rarely forms of a sufficient thickness
to be gathered; snows are light, seldom remaining on the ground
more than two or three days. The average rainfall is about fifty-
three inches, which is pretty uniformly distributed throughout
the year. The climate is eminently favorable to health and
longevity.

4. The State falls naturally into three divisions or sections--
the Western or Mountain section, the Middle or Piedmont section,
and the Eastern or Tidewater section. The first consists of
mountains, many of them rising to towering heights, the highest,
indeed, east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded on the east
by the Blue Ridge and on the west by the Smoky Mountains. The
section inclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an
ellipse. Its length is about one hundred and eighty miles; its
average breadth from twenty to fifty miles. It is a high
plateau, from the plane of which many lofty mountains everywhere
rise, and on its border the culminating points of the Appalachian
system--the Roau, the Grandfather and the Black--lift their heads
to the sky. Between the mountains are fertile valleys,
plentifully watered by streams, many of them remarkable for their
beauty. The mountains themselves are wooded, except a few which
have prairies on their summits, locally distinguished as "balds."
This section has long been one of the favorite resorts of the
tourist and the painter.

5. The Middle section lies between the Blue Ridge and the falls
where the rivers make their descent into the great plain which
forms the Eastern section of the State. Its area comprises
nearly one-half of the territory of the State. Throughout the
greater part it presents an endless succession of hills and
dales, though the surface near the mountains is of a bolder and
sometimes of a rugged cast. The scenery of this section is as
remarkable for quiet, picturesque beauty, as that of the Western
is for sublimity and grandeur.

6. The Eastern section is a Champaign country; relieved, however,
by gentle undulations. Its breadth is about one hundred miles.
Its principal beauty lies in its river scenery and extensive
water prospects.

7. The cultivated productions of the Mountain section are corn,
wheat, oats, barley, hay, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Cattle
are also reared quite extensively for market. In the Middle
section are found all the productions of the former, and over the
southern half cotton appears as the staple product. In the
Eastern section cotton, corn, oats and rice are staple crops, and
the "trucking business" (growing fruits and vegetables for the
Northern markets), constitutes a flourishing industry. The
lumber business, and the various industries to which the long-
leaf pine gives rise, tar, pitch and turpentine, have long been,
and still continue to be, great resources of wealth for this
section. Of the crops produced in the United States all are
grown in North Carolina except sugar and some semi-tropical
fruits, as the orange, the lemon and the banana. The wine grapes
of America may be said to have their home in North Carolina; four
of them, the Catawba, Isabella, Lincoln and Scuppernong,
originated here.

8. The physical characteristics of the State will be better
understood by picturing to the mind its surface as spread out
upon a vast declivity, sloping down from the summits of the Smoky
Mountains, an altitude of near seven thousand feet, to the ocean
level. Through the range of elevation thus afforded, the plants
and trees (or what is comprehended under the term flora) vary
from those peculiar to Alpine regions to those peculiar to semi-
tropical regions.

9. The variety of trees is most marked, including all those which
yield timber employed in the useful and many of those employed in
the ornamental arts. Indeed, nearly all the species found in the
United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, are found in North
Carolina. Her wealth in this respect will be appreciated when
the striking fact is mentioned that there are more species of
oaks in North Carolina than in all the States north of us, and
only one less than in all the Southern States east of the
Mississippi. This range of elevation affords also a great
variety of medicinal herbs. In fact, the mountains of North
Carolina are the 'storehouse' of the United States for plants of
this description.


QUESTIONS.

1. Of what does this chapter treat? Give the latitude and
longitude of North Carolina. What are its eastern and western
boundaries? Give its dimensions.

2. What is said of the climate of North Carolina? Name the
causes of this mildness of climate.

3. What is said of the seasons? Of fogs, snow and ice? Of the
rainfall?

4. Into how many natural divisions is the State formed? Name
them. Describe the Mountain section. Point it out on the map.

5. Give a description of the Middle or Piedmont section. Locate
this section on the map.

6. What is said of the Eastern or 'Tidewater' section? Point it
out on the map.

7. What are some of the productions of the Mountain section? Of
the Piedmont? Of the Tidewater? What is said of the grapes of
North Carolina?

8. How may the physical characteristics of the State be easily understood?

9. What is said of the plants and trees? What further is said of
this particular branch of North Carolina's wealth?




CHAPTER II.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION-Continued.

The mountains of North Carolina may be conveniently classed as
four separate chains: the Smoky, forming the western boundary of
the State; the Blue Ridge, running across the State in a very
tortuous course, and shooting out spurs of great elevation; the
Brushy (which divides, for the greater part of its course, the
waters of the Catawba and Yadkin), beginning at a point near
Lenoir and terminating in the Pilot and Sauratown Mountains; and
an inferior range of much lower elevation, which may be termed,
from its local name at different points, the Uwharrie or
Oconeechee Mountains beginning in Montgomery county and
terminating in the heights about Roxboro, in Person county.

2. Each of these mountain ranges is marked by distinct
characteristics. The Smoky chain, as contrasted with the next
highest--the Blue Ridge--is more continuous, more elevated, more
regular in its direction and height, and rises very uniformly
from five thousand to nearly six thousand seven hundred feet.
The Blue Ridge is composed of many fragments scarcely connected
into a continuous and regular chain. Its loftier summits range
from five thousand to five thousand nine hundred feet. The Brushy
range presents, throughout the greater part of its course, a
remarkable uniformity in direction and elevation, many of its
peaks rising above two thousand feet. The last, the Oconeechee
or Uwharrie range, sometimes presents a succession of elevated
ridges, then a number of bold and isolated knobs, whose heights
are one thousand feet above the sea level.

3. There are three distinct systems of rivers in the State: those
that find their way to the Gulf of Mexico through the
Mississippi, those that flow through South Carolina to the sea
and those that reach the sea along our own coast. The divide
between the first and the second is the Blue Ridge chain of
mountains; that between the second and third systems is found in
an elevation extending from the Blue Ridge, near the Virginia
line, just between the sources of the Yadkin and the Roanoke, in
a south-easterly direction some two hundred miles, almost to the
sea-coast below Wilmington. In the divide between the first and
second systems, which is also the great watershed between the
Atlantic slope and the Mississippi Valley, a singular anomaly is
presented, for it is formed not by the lofty Smoky range, but by
the Blue Ridge--not, therefore, at the crest of the great slope
which the surface of the State presents, but on a line lower
down. On the western flank of this lower range the beautiful
French Broad and the other rivers of the first section, including
the headwaters of the Great Khanawha, have their rise. In
their course through the Smoky Mountains to the Mississippi they
pass along chasms or "gaps" from three thousand to four thousand
feet in depth. These chasms or "gaps" are more than a thousand
feet lower than those of the corresponding parts of the Blue
Ridge.

4. The rivers of the second system rise on the eastern flank of
the Blue Ridge. These rivers--the Catawba and the Yadkin, with
their tributaries stretching from the Broad River, near the
mountains in the west, to the Lumber near the seacoast--water
some thirty counties in the State, a fan-shaped territory,
embracing much the greater portion of the Piedmont section of the
State.

5. The rivers of the third system are the Chowan, the Roanoke,
the Tar, the Neuse and the Cape Fear, usually navigable some for
fifty and others to near one hundred miles for boats of light
draught. Of these the three last have their rise near the
northern boundary of the State, in a comparatively small area,
near the eastern source of the Yadkin. The Chowan has its rise
in Virginia, below Appomattox Court House. The principal sources
of the Roanoke, also, are in Virginia, in the Blue Ridge, though
some of its head streams are in North Carolina, and very near
those of the Yadkin. Only one of these rivers, the Cape Fear,
flows directly into the ocean in this State; the others, after
reaching the low country, move on with diminished current and
empty into large bodies of water known as sounds.

6. The great rivers of these three systems, with their network of
countless tributaries, great and small, afford a truly
magnificent water supply. Flat lands border the streams in every
section; they are everywhere exceptionally rich, and in the
Tidewater section, of great breadth. In their course from the
high plateaus to the low country all the rivers of the State have
a descent of many hundred feet, made by frequent falls and
rapids. These falls and rapids afford all unlimited motive power
for machinery of every description; and here many cotton mills
and other factories have been established, and are multiplying
every year.

7. The sounds, and the rivers which empty into them, constitute a
network of waterway for steam and sailing vessels of eleven
hundred miles. They are separated from the ocean by a line of
sand banks, varying in breadth from one hundred yards to two
miles, and in height from a few feet above the tide level to
twenty-five or thirty feet, on which horses of a small breed,
called "Bank Ponies," are reared in great numbers, and in a half
wild state. These banks extend along the entire shore a distance
of three hundred miles. Through them there are a number of
inlets from the sea to the sounds, but they are usually too
shallow except for vessels of light burden. Along its northern
coast the commerce of the State has, in consequence, been
restricted; it has, however, an extensive commerce through
Beaufort Harbor and the Cape Fear River.

8. The sounds, and the rivers in their lower courses, abound with
fish and waterfowl. Hunting the canvas-back duck and other fowls
for the Northern cities is a regular and profitable branch of
industry; while herring, shad and rock-fishing is pursued,
especially along Albemarle Sound, with spirit, skill and energy,
and a large outlay of capital.


QUESTIONS.

1. What is the subject of this chapter? How may the mountains of
North Carolina be classed? Describe each chain. Point out these
mountains on the map.

2. Describe the Smoky Mountains. The Blue Ridge. The Brushy.
The Oconeechee.

3. Describe the river systems of the State. Give the dividing
lines between the systems. Describe the flow of the rivers of
Western North Carolina. Trace the courses of these rivers on the
map. What is said of the mountain gaps?

4. Where are the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers? What portion of the
State do they water? Point them out on the map.

5. Describe the rivers of the third system. Where do they empty?

6. What do our rivers afford? What is said of our water power?

7. What mention is made of the sounds? Describe the banks.
Point out on the map the sounds and the banks.

8. With what do the sounds and rivers abound? What important
branches of industry are mentioned?




CHAPTER III.

GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

A knowledge of the geology of a State affords the key to its
soils; since the soils are formed by the disintegration of the
underlying rocks, more or less mixed with animal or vegetable
matter. The peculiar geological structure of the State furnishes
the material for every possible variety of soil. In fact, there
is no description or combination unrepresented. There are,
first, the black and deep peaty soils of Hyde county and the
great swamp tracts along the eastern border of the Tidewater
section; then come the alluvious marls and light sandy soils of
the more elevated portions of the same section; then the clayey,
sandy and gravelly soils of the Piedmont and Mountain section,
the result of the decomposition of every variety of rock.

2. From its western boundary to the last falls of its rivers, the
rocks generally belong to that formation known as "primitive".
Primitive rocks are easily distinguished; they are crystalline in
structure, and have no animal or vegetable remains (called
fossils) imbedded or preserved in them. The soils of this
formation are not very fertile, nor yet are they sterile; they
are of medium quality, and susceptible, under skilful culture, of
the highest improvement. The primitive rocks are chiefly
represented by granite and gneiss.

3. The rocks of the secondary formation appear in certain
counties of the Piedmont section, and here the coal-fields occur,
embracing many hundred square miles. This formation consists of
the primitive rocks, broken down by natural agents, and
subsequently deposited in beds of a thickness from a few feet to
many hundred, and abounds in organic remains. The soils of this
formation vary more than the former, as the one or the other of
the materials of which they are made up happens to predominate.

4. The eastern section belongs to that which is known as the
"quaternary" formation. Here no rocks like those mentioned above
are found; indeed, rocks, in the ordinary sense of that term, are
unknown. This formation will be best understood by regarding it
as an ocean bed laid bare by upheaval through some convulsion of
nature, and thus made dry land. Sandy soils predominate somewhat
in this section, though there are tracts in which clay is in
great excess, and other tracts in which vegetable matter is in
great excess. Between these extremes there exist, also, the
usual mixtures in various proportions.

5. Geology also affords a key to the mineral resources of a
State. Those of the Tidewater section are summed up in its
marls. That whole section is underlaid with marl at a depth of a
few feet, and in quantity sufficient to raise and keep it, when
regularly applied to the surface, for all time to come at the
highest point of productiveness. Of all resources for wealth
this is the most durable; and, on account of the industry to
which it is subservient--the agricultural--is best calculated to
promote the happiness of man.

6. It is in the primitive rocks, however, that minerals abound.
Those of North Carolina surpass any in the Union. In the last
Report on the Geology of the State one hundred and seventy-eight
are numbered and described. Among these are gold, silver,
copper, lead, iron, mica, corundum, graphite, manganese, kaolin,
mill-stone grits, marble, barytes, oil shale, buhrstones, roofing
slate, etc. The most of these are the subjects of great mining
industries, which are daily developing to greater proportions.

7. Of some of these minerals, as corundum and mica, North
Carolina has already become the chief source of supply. Among
the principal sources of the future mineral wealth of the State,
copper, gold and iron are clearly indicated. The ores of these
metals are found in abundance over extensive tracts of country.
Lastly, in North Carolina many beautiful specimens of the
precious stones have been found, and a large capital has been
raised to carry on mining as a regular business for one of these--
the hiddenite gem.

8. North Carolina will thus be seen to be a State of vast
resources, whether we regard the variety and value of her natural
or cultivated productions, the immense range of her minerals or
her facilities for manufacturing industries. It would, perhaps,
be safe to say that no equal portion of the earth's surface will,
in half a century, be the scene of industries so various and of
such value.


QUESTIONS.

1. Of what does this chapter treat? What does the knowledge of
the geology of a State afford? Mention the variety of soils
found in North Carolina.

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