William Shakespeare - "The First Part of King Henry the Fourth"

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The trade, domestic and foreign

H >> Henry Charles Carey >> The trade, domestic and foreign




[171] The Social Condition and Education of the People of England and
Europe, i. 256.

[172] Handbuch der Allgemeinen Staatskunde, vol. ii. 5, quoted by Kay,
vol. i., 120.

[173] Until recently, the increase of Great Britain has been slightly
greater than that of Prussia, the former having grown at the rate
of 1.95 per cent. per annum, and the latter at that of 1.84; but
the rate of growth of the former has recently much diminished, and
all growth has now probably ceased.

[174] Die Agrarfrage.

[175] Etudes sur l'Economie Politique.

[176] Page 51, _ante_.

[177] In no other country than England would the editor of a daily
journal inflict upon his readers throughout the kingdom whole
columns occupied with the names of persons present at a private
entertainment, and with the dresses of the ladies. Where
centralization has reached a height like this, we need scarcely
be surprised to learn that there is but one _paying_ daily
newspaper for a population of more than seventeen millions.

[178] Rural and Domestic Life in Germany, 27.

[179] Pictures from St. Petersburg, by E. Jerrmann, 22.

[180] Pictures from St. Petersburg, 23.

[181] The cargo of a ship that has recently sailed is stated to have
consisted of more than a thousand females.

[182] Laing's Denmark and the Duchies, London, 1852, 299.

[183] Quoted by Kay, Social and Political Condition of England and the
Continent, vol. i. 91.

[184] Denmark and the Duchies, 42.

[185] Ibid. 136.

[186] Denmark and the Duchies, 368.

[187] Ibid. 394.

[188] Ibid. 388.

[189] Denmark and the Duchies, 362.

[190] Denmark and the Duchies, 294.

[191] Denmark and the Duchies, 269.

[192] _L'Espàgne en_ 1850, par M. Maurice Block, 145.

[193] Ibid. pp. 157-159.

[194] Bayard Taylor, in the _N. Y. Tribune_.

[195] _L'Espàgne en_ 1850, 160.

[196] Spain, her Institutions, her Politics, and her Public Men, by
S. T. Wallis, 341.

[197] The exact amount given by M. Block is 2,194,269,000 francs, but
he does not state in what year the return was made.

[198] By an official document published in 1849, it appears that while
wheat sold in Barcelona and Tarragona (places of consumption) at
an average of more than 25 francs, the price at Segovia, in Old
Castile, (a place of production,) not 300 miles distant, was less
than 10 francs for the same quantity.--_L'Espàgne en_ 1850, 131.

[199] North British Review, Nov. 1852, art. _The Modern Exodus_.

[200] M. de Jonnes, quoted by Mr. Wallis, p. 295.

[201] Wallis's Spain, chap: ix.

[202] It is a striking evidence of the injurious moral effect produced
by the system which looks to the conversion of all the other
nations of the world into mere farmers and planters, that
Mr. Macgregor, in his work of Commercial Statistics, says, in
speaking of the Methuen treaty, "we do not deny that there were
advantages in having a market for our woollens in Portugal,
especially one, of which, if not the principal, was the means
afforded of sending them afterward by contraband into
Spain."--Vol. ii. 1122.

[203] In the first half of this period the export was small, whereas
in the last one, 1836 to 1840, it must have been in excess of the
growth of population.

[204] From 1842 to 1845 the average crop was 2,250,000 bales, or half
a million more than the average of the four previous years. From
1847 to 1850 the average was only 2,260,000 bales, and the price
rose, which could not have been the case had the slave trade been
as brisk between 1840 and 1845 as it had been between 1835 and
1840.

[205] See page 108, _ante_, for the sale of the negroes of the Saluda
Manufacturing Company.

[206] The following passage from one of the journals of the day is
worthy of careful perusal by those who desire to understand the
working of the present system of revenue duties, under which the
mills and furnaces of the country have to so great an extent been
closed, and the farmers and planters of the country to so great
an extent been driven to New York to make all their exchanges:--

"Mr. Matsell [chief of police, New York] tells us that during the
six months ending 31st December, 1852, there have been 19,901
persons arrested for various offences, giving a yearly figure of
nearly 40,000 arrests. * * * The number of arrests being 40,000,
or thereabouts, in a population of say 600,000, gives a
percentage of 6.6 on the whole number of inhabitants. We have no
data to estimate the state of crime in Paris under the imperial
_régime_; but in London the returns of the metropolitan police
for 1850, show 70,827 arrests, out of a population of some two
millions and a half, giving a percentage of less than three on
the whole number of inhabitants. Thus crimes are in New York
rather more than twice as frequent as in London. Indeed, if we
make proper allowance for the superior vigilance, and
organization of the metropolitan police of London, and for the
notorious inefficiency of our own police force, we shall
probably find that, in proportion to the population, there is in
New York twice as much crime as in London. This is an appalling
fact--a disgraceful disclosure."--_New York Herald_, March 21,
1853.

[207] North British Review, Nov. 1852.

[208] See Uncle Tom's Cabin, chap. xxxi.

[209] Letters to Lord Aberdeen, by the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, 9,
10, 12.

[210] Rev. Sidney Smith.

[211] See page 109, _ante_.

[212] It is commonly supposed that the road toward freedom lies
through cheapening the products of slave labour; but the reader
may readily satisfy himself that it is in that direction lies
slavery. Freedom grows with growing wealth, not growing
poverty. To increase the cost of raising slaves, and thus to
_increase the value of man at home_, produces exactly the effect
anticipated from the other course of operation, because the value
of the land and its produce grows more rapidly than the value of
that portion of the negro's powers that can be obtained from him
as a slave--that is, without the payment of wages.

[213] See page 280, _ante_.

[214] The following statement of the operations of the past year
completes the picture presented in Chapter IV.:--

"A tabular return, prepared by order of the House of Assembly of
Jamaica, exhibiting the properties in that island 'upon which
cultivation has been wholly or partially abandoned since the 1st
day of January, 1852,' presents in a striking light one of the
many injurious consequences that have followed the measure of
negro emancipation in the British West Indies. The return, which
is dated January 27, 1853, shows that 128 sugar estates have been
totally abandoned during the year, and 71 partially abandoned; of
coffee plantations, 96 have been totally, and 56 partially,
abandoned; of country seats--residences of planters or their
agents--30 have been totally, and 22 partially, abandoned. The
properties thus nearly or wholly ruined by the ill-considered
legislation of the British Parliament cover an area of 391,187
acres."

[215] _Economist_, (London,) Feb. 12, 1863.

[216] Spectator, Feb. 12, 1853.

[217] The net revenue from the opium trade, for the current year, is
stated to be no less than four millions of pounds sterling, or
nearly twenty millions of dollars; and it is to that revenue,
says _The Friend of India_, Nov. 25, 1852, that the Indian
government has been indebted for its power to carry on the wars
since 1838, those of Affghanistan, Seinde, Gwalior, the Punjab,
and that now existing with Burmah. Well is it asked by Dr. Allen,
in his pamphlet on "The Opium Trade," (Lowell, 1853,) "Can such
an unrighteous course in a nation always prosper?" "How," says
the same author, "can the Chinese

"Regard the English in any other light than wholesale smugglers
and wholesale dealers in poison? The latter can expend annually
over two millions of dollars on the coast of Great Britain to
protect its own revenue laws, but at the same time set at bold
defiance similar laws of protection enacted by the former. The
English are constantly supplying the Chinese a deadly poison,
with which thousands yearly put an end to their existence. In
England, even the druggists are expressly forbidden to sell
arsenic, laudanum, or other poison, if they have the least
suspicion that their customer intends to commit suicide. But in
China every facility is afforded and material supplied under the
British flag, and sanctioned by Parliament itself, for wholesale
slaughter. How long will an enlightened and Christian nation
continue to farm and grow a means of vice, with the proceeds of
which, even when in her possession, a benighted and pagan nation
disdains to replenish her treasury, being drawn from the ruin and
misery of her people? Where is the consistency or humanity of a
nation supporting armed vessels on the coast of Africa to
intercept and rescue a few hundreds of her sons from a foreign
bondage, when, at the same time, she is forging chains to hold
millions on the coast of China in a far more hopeless bondage?
And what must the world think of the religion of a nation that
consecrates churches, ordains ministers of the gospel, and sends
abroad missionaries of the cross, while, in the mean time, it
encourages and upholds a vice which is daily inflicting misery
and death upon more than four millions of heathen? And what must
be the verdict of future generations, as they peruse the history
of these wrongs and outrages? Will not the page of history, which
now records £20,000,000 as consecrated on the altar of humanity
to emancipate 800,000 slaves, lose all its splendour and become
positively odious, when it shall be known that this very money
was obtained from the proceeds of a contraband traffic on the
shores of a weak and defenceless heathen empire, at the
sacrifice, too, of millions upon millions of lives?"

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