Frederick Winslow Taylor - "Shop Management"

Charles Dickens - "Sketches of Young Gentlemen"

Upton Sinclair - "The Metropolis"

Hugo DeVries - "Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation"

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Success With Small Fruits

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_Belle de Fontenay_.--See page 207.

_Brandywine._--See page 208.

_Belle de Palnau._--A French variety, that thrives in some localities.
Canes are strong, vigorous, upright, covered with short, purplish
spines, which are more numerous near the ground; berry large, obtuse
conical, bright crimson; firm for so juicy and fine-flavored a berry;
grains large. The berries were often imperfect on my place.

_Catawissa._--See page 216. This variety is well spoken of by some
good authorities. The fact that it bears in autumn should give it
some consideration.

_Clarke._--See page 220.

_Caroline._--See page 221.

_Cuthbert._--See pages 221-225.

_Franconia._--See page 206.

_Fastollf._--"An English variety of high reputation. It derived its
name from having originated near the ruins of an old castle, so
called, in Great Yarmouth. Canes strong, rather erect, branching;
light yellowish brown, with few strong bristles; fruit very large,
obtuse or roundish conical, bright, purplish red, rich and highly
flavored, slightly adhering to the germ in picking." (Downing.)

_French._--(Vice-President French).--Originated with Dr. Brinkle.
"Canes strong, upright, spines short and stout; fruit medium to large,
roundish, rich, bright crimson, large grains, sweet and very good."
(Barry.) It is foreign in its parentage, and uncertain in many
localities.

_Herstine._--See pages 219, 220.

_Hornet._--"Raised by Souchet, near Paris. Very productive. Canes
very strong, vigorous, upright spines, purplish, rather stout, and
numerous at the base; fruit very large, conical, often irregular,
grains large, quite hairy, compact, crimson; flesh rather firm, juicy,
sweet and good, separates freely." (Downing.) This variety appears to
vary greatly with locality.

_Kirtland._--(Cincinnati Red.)--One of the native varieties once grown
largely, but now superseded. Fruit medium in size, obtuse conical,
soft, and not very high-flavored.

_Knevett's Giant._--Berry large, round, light crimson, adheres too
firmly to the core, and often crumbles in picking, but is juicy and
good. The canes are very strong and productive; spines purplish,
short, scattering. An English variety.

_Merveille de Quatre Saisons._--A French variety. This and the Belle
de Fontenay are almost as hardy as any of our native kinds, and thus
they form exceptions to the foreign sorts, which are usually tender.
Good results might be secured by crossing them with our best native
kinds. The canes of this variety must be cut to the ground in spring
if much autumn fruit is desired. It is not equal to the Belle de
Fontenay, to which class it belongs.

_Naomi._--Identical with Franconia.

_Northumberland Fillbasket._--An old-fashioned English variety,
sometimes found in the garden of an amateur.

_Pride of the Hudson._--See pages 190, 219.

_Pearl, Bristol, Thwack._--Native varieties that resemble the
Brandywine, but are not equal to it in most localities. They are
passing out of cultivation.

_Reliance._--A seedling of the Philadelphia, but judging from one
year's test, much superior to it, and worthy of cultivation in those
regions where the finer varieties cannot thrive. It is hardy, and will
do well on light soils.

_Saunders._--See page 220.

_Rubus Occidentalis_

For descriptions of _Davison's Thornless, Doolittle, or American
Improved, Mammoth Cluster,_ and _Gregg,_ see Chapter XXII.

_American Black._--Common black-cap raspberry, found wild throughout
the United States. Too well known to need description.

_American White-Cap_ (Yellow-Cap, Golden-Cap).--"Also scattered widely
throughout the country, but not common. Those who discover it often
imagine that they have found something new and rare. Berries slightly
oval, grains larger than those of the black-cap, yellow, with a white
bloom. The canes are light yellow, strong, stocky, with but few
spines. Propagated from the tips. It might become the parent of very
fine varieties." (Fuller.)

_Miami Black-Cap._--A vigorous, productive variety, found growing near
the Miami River, in Ohio. The fruit approaches a brownish red in
color, and is not equal to the Mammoth Cluster in value.

_Philadelphia._--See page 220.

_Seneca Black-Cap._--Raised by Mr. Dell, of Seneca County, N.Y. The
fruit is between the Doolittle and Mammoth Cluster in size, and is
later than the former; not so black, having a shade of purple, and is
juicy, sweet, and good.

_Lum's Everbearing, and Ohio Everbearing Black Raspberries._--
Varieties that resemble each other. If a good autumn crop is desired,
cut away the canes in the spring, so as to secure a strong early
growth of new wood, on which the fruit is to be borne.

_Golden Thornless._--A large variety of the American White-Cap,
introduced by Purdy & Johnson, Palmyra, N.Y.

_Florence._--A variety resembling the above.

_Ganargua and New Rochelle._--See pages 220, 221.

BLACKBERRIES

In Chapter xxiv. I have described those varieties that have proved
worthy of general cultivation. The Dorchester winter-killed so badly
on my place, and the fruit was so inferior to that of the Kittatinny
in size, that I discarded it. It is good in flavor. The Missouri
Mammoth is tender and often not productive. There are new varieties
that promise well, as Taylor's Prolific, Ancient Briton, Knox, Warren,
Wachusett Thornless, Cro' Nest and several others. I am testing them,
and do not care to express any opinion as yet, or write descriptions
that would probably need considerable revision within six months.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES

In chapters xxvi. and xxvii. may be found a description of those
distinct varieties that are of chief value in this country. I find no
good reason why I should fill pages with descriptions of varieties
that are rarely cultivated, and which might well give place to better
kinds. Eventually, I shall give the results gathered from my trial-
beds, in which I am placing all the new and old varieties said to be
worthy of cultivation.




CHAPTER XXXV

CLOSING WORDS


Our ramble among the small fruits is over. To such readers as have not
grown weary and left my company long since, I will say but few words
in parting.

In the preceding pages I have tried to take from our practical and
often laborious calling its dull, commonplace, and prosaic aspects. It
should be our constant aim to lift life above mere plodding drudgery.
It is our great good fortune to co-work with Nature, and usually among
her loveliest scenes. Is it not well to "look up to the hills"
occasionally, from whence may come "help" toward a truer, larger
manhood, and then, instead of going home to the heavy, indigestible
supper too often spread for those who are weary and feverish from the
long, hot day, would it not be better to gather some sprays of the
fruit whose mild subacid is just what the material man requires in
mid-summer sultriness? The horticulturist may thrive if he will, in
body and soul; for Nature, at each season, furnishes just such
supplies as are best adapted to his need. She will develop every good
quality he possesses, especially his patience.

As we have passed from one fruit to another, I have expressed my own
views frankly; at the same time, I think the reader will remember that
I have taken no little pains to give the opinions of others. Dogmatism
in pomology is as objectionable as in theology. I shall be glad to
have my errors pointed out, and will hasten to correct them.

As a part of this book appeared as a serial in "Scribner's Magazine,"
I was encouraged by words of approval from many of the best
horticultural authorities. I shall not deny that I was very glad to
receive such favorable opinions, for I had much and just doubt of my
ability to satisfy those who have made these subjects a lifelong
study, and to whom, in fact, I am largely indebted for the little I do
know. Still more am I pleased by assurances that I have turned the
thoughts of many toward the garden--a place that is naturally, and, I
think, correctly, associated with man's primal and happiest condition.
We must recognize, however, the sad change in the gardening as well as
gardeners of our degenerate world. In worm and insect, blight and
mildew, in heat, frost, drought and storm, in weeds so innumerable
that we are tempted to believe that Nature has a leaning toward total
depravity, we have much to contend with; and in the ignorant,
careless, and often dishonest laborer, who slashes away at random, we
find our chief obstacle to success. In spite of all these drawbacks,
the _work_ of the garden is the _play_ and _pleasure_ that never
palls, and which the oldest and wisest never outgrow. I have delayed
my departure too long, and, since I cannot place a basket of President
Wilder Strawberries on the tables of my readers, I will leave with
them the best possible substitute, the exquisite poem of H. H.:

MY STRAWBERRY

O marvel, fruit of fruits, I pause
To reckon thee. I ask what cause
Set free so much of red from heats
At core of earth, and mixed such sweets
With sour and spice; what was that strength
Which, out of darkness, length by length,
Spun all thy shining threads of vine,
Netting the fields in bond as thine;
I see thy tendrils drink by sips
From grass and clover's smiling lips;
I hear thy roots dig down for wells,
Tapping the meadow's hidden cells;
Whole generations of green things,
Descended from long lines of springs,
I see make room for thee to bide,
A quite comrade by their side;
I see the creeping peoples go
Mysterious journeys to and fro;
Treading to right and left of thee,
Doing thee homage wonderingly.
I see the wild bees as they fare
Thy cups of honey drink, but spare;
I mark thee bathe, and bathe again,
In sweet, uncalendared spring rain.
I watch how all May has of sun
Makes haste to have thy ripeness done,
While all her nights let dews escape
To set and cool thy perfect shape.
Ah, fruit of fruits, no more I pause
To dream and seek thy hidden laws!
I stretch my hand, and dare to taste
In instant of delicious waste
On single feast, all things that went
To make the empire thou hast spent.




APPENDIX

NEW VARIETIES


NEW STRAWBERRIES

_The Jewell._--I quote the following description by the originators:
"This new variety was raised from seed by P.M. Augur & Sons, in 1880,
and is one of a lot of seedlings produced from one quart of Jersey
Queen and one quart of Prince of Berries (the seed being sown together
and taken from exhibition berries). The Jewell is the finest growing
variety we have ever seen, producing an abundance of very large, high-
colored fruit, of fine quality. Season medium, color bright red,
changing to crimson when very ripe; flower pistillate; enormously
productive; berry very solid and firm, promising to become the great
market strawberry. The plant is robust and vigorous, and has never
shown any signs of rust or blight." It has received the following high
praise from Hon. Marshall P. Wilder: "The large size, good form,
bright color and remarkable solidity and productiveness will make it a
permanent variety for years to come."

_Parry._--"All things considered, this surpasses any novelty that has
appeared for many years. Fruit extra large, firm, handsome, and good;
plant vigorous and productive, We can recommend it both for market and
the home garden. Early to medium."--J.T. Lovett. This is high praise
of a fruit produced by a rival fruit-grower, and does credit to the
fairness of the writer. The Parry strawberry was produced from seed of
the Jersey Queen, planted in the summer of 1880 by Mr. William Parry,
the veteran fruit-grower of New Jersey. He thus describes it. "Plant a
rank, vigorous grower, clean foliage, and very productive. Berries
large, obtuse conical, bright glossy scarlet, firm, and of the best
quality, ripening all over at once. Blossoms perfect."

Dr. F.M. Hexamer, editor "American Garden," also speaks highly of it,
as follows "The Parry has proved quite satisfactory on my grounds. The
plants are very vigorous, healthy, have wintered well, and have
yielded an abundant crop of large, handsome berries." It is also
strongly praised by many other authorities, and has received many
premiums.

_Jersey Queen._--The plant is strong, stocky, and vigorous, but only
moderately productive; the fruit large and beautiful. It must have
high culture, and not be allowed to run, or it is not satisfactory.
Pistillate.

_Henderson._--Said to be moderately vigorous, producing handsome fruit
of exquisite flavor. Early and perfect in flower. Not yet generally
tested, but probably one of the best for amateurs.

_Daniel Boone._--"Produces good crops; fruit of large size, attractive
in appearance, medium quality, rather soft, and late in ripening;
plant hardy and vigorous."--Charles A. Green. Further south and on
light soils the foliage is said to blight. Pistillate.

_Dollar._--"For beauty, firmness, and high quality has but few equals,
but the foliage blights so badly at Monmouth as to greatly impair its
value. However, it blossoms and fruits quite profusely in the autumn,
giving us strawberries when other patches are bare of fruit. Perfect
in flower."--J. T. Lovett. If the tendency to autumn bearing is so
great as to enable us to secure a fair crop of berries in late summer
and fall this variety is a valuable acquisition. I shall certainly
give it a fair trial. Further north and on heavier soils the foliage
may be entirely healthy.

_Cornelia._--Highly praised by some, and declared to be unproductive
by others. It undoubtedly requires high culture and runners clipped.
With such treatment it promises to be one of the best _late_ berries.
Pistillate.

_Crystal City._-Said to have been found growing wild in Missouri.
I have fruited it for years, and have ever found it the earliest and
one of the most delicious of berries. It is not valuable for market,
but for home use, if the runners are clipped, it yields a fair crop of
berries, with the genuine wild flavor.

_May King._--Described as almost identical with the old Crescent, with
the advantage that the flower is perfect.

_Garretson._--Much is claimed for this variety. As its chief virtue it
is declared to maintain a uniform size and regular form throughout a
long picking season. It has been awarded several flattering premiums.
Pistillate.

_Old Ironclad._--One of the best early berries, produced on an
exceedingly vigorous plant that is said to be more productive on the
second and third years of bearing than on the first. The fruit, not
the plant, closely resembles the Wilson. Perfect flower.

_Vineland._-Said to be an improvement on the Kentucky, which it
resembles. Perfect flower.

_Indiana._--Also said to be an improvement on the Charles Downing. If
it is we all want it, but we have tried improvements on the fine old
standards before. Perfect flower.

_Hart's Minnesota._--"I know of no variety that responds more readily
to good culture than this. Under neglect the berries are small, but of
a bright scarlet color, quite firm and very good. With high culture it
is very large, attractive, and holds its size remarkably well. Perfect
flower."--M. Crawford.

_Jumbo._--Another name for the old Cumberland Triumph.

_Prince of Berries._--Originated by Mr. E. W, Durand, and, like nearly
all the varieties sent out by him, requiring very high culture. The
fruit is large, meaty, and firm in flesh, of excellent flavor, and
possessing a fine aroma. It is a berry for the amateur to pet and
enjoy upon his table, but not adapted to ordinary culture. Perfect
flower.

_Manchester._--Pistillate. "The Manchester has been a favorite with
us, but, like most varieties, has its defects. It is deficient in
flavor, is too light in color, is subject to leaf blight, and is
exceedingly soft. It is necessary to pick every day in order to get it
into market in good condition. We were pushed hard the past season,
and did not pick the Manchester every day. The berries left the farm
in apparently good condition, but our men reported that they melted on
hot days like so much butter. They were often obliged to throw them
away, from the fact that they were too soft to be sold. This softness,
however, might have been obviated in a measure by picking more
frequently. It is very productive, and the berries are of large
size."--Charles A. Green. The words quoted above embody my own
experience with this variety.

_James Vick._--Should have been a better berry to bear so honored a
name.

After a thorough test I have discarded it. Nevertheless, in some
localities it has proved a valuable market berry. Perfect flower.

Many others might be named, but, as far as I can learn, they have but
short careers before them. If by well-doing they win their way to the
front we shall all be glad to recognize their merits. The _Jessie_,
and _Crawfard's No. 6_ promise to claim considerable attention in the
future.

NEW RASPBERRIES

_Golden Queen._--This new variety has a curious history. Apparently it
is simply an albino of the Cuthbert, for to all intents and purposes
it is this favorite berry with the exception of its color. Mr. Ezra
Stokes, of New Jersey, found the parent bush growing in a twelve-acre
field of Cuthberts, but is unable to say whether it is a sport or a
seedling. At all events, it was taken up and propagated, and the
result apparently is a fixed and valuable variety for home use. I
doubt whether a white raspberry will ever find much favor in market--
not, at least, until the people are sufficiently civilized to buy
white grape currants. In color it is said to be a beautiful yellow; in
flavor, hardiness, and vigor it is declared to be superior to its
parent, which it nevertheless closely resembles.

_Rancocas._--Another raspberry of New Jersey origin. It was found
growing wild. Its discoverer claims that it has a sturdy upright
growth, with a tendency to make branches like a miniature tree. These
branches load themselves with red berries, which ripen early and
nearly all together. Hardiness and other good qualities are claimed
for it by the discoverer, who is the originator of the Hansel. If it
is no better than this variety it is not destined to long-continued
popularity in regions where better fruit can be grown.

_Hansel._--Red. A variety of the wild or native type which in my
grounds so closely resembled the Highland Hardy that, apart from its
quality of earliness, I do not regard it of value. It is not by any
means identical with the Highland Hardy; but, having picked berries of
both varieties at the same time, I could not tell them apart, either
in appearance or flavor. Such berries are better than none at all, and
may be grown by those who can raise no better. It is also claimed that
earliness in ripening, and hardiness of plants made the variety
profitable; and this, no doubt, is true in some localities.

_Marlboro._--A large, showy, good-flavored, red raspberry that
was originated by Mr. A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, N. Y. It has done
well on my grounds, and promises finely as a market berry, as its
earliness, bright color, firmness, and tendency to ripen its fruit
rapidly and all together give the grower a chance to gather and sell
his crop within a short period. I do not advise any one to grow only
this variety, either for market or home use, for the reason that it
gives too short a season. Employed to secure a succession of fruit, it
is an excellent variety. I doubt whether the canes will prove hardy
throughout any wide extent of country, for it evidently contains
foreign blood. I think it well worth protection, however, if, in some
regions, experience proves it to be not entirely hardy.

BLACK-CAPS

Of the newer black-cap varieties the _Souhegan_ is the best that
I have seen or have heard spoken of. I think it may be regarded as the
best early type of this class of berries. The fruit is of good size
and flavor, moderately firm, and wonderfully abundant. For vigor,
hardiness, and freedom from disease I do not know that it is surpassed
by any other kind.

The _Tyler_ in my grounds resembled the Souhegan so closely that
I do not think that a distinction between them is worth maintaining.

The _Centennial_ promised wonderfully well at first on my place,
but after two or three years developed a feebleness and tendency to
disease which led me to discard it.

The _Ohio_ is said to be the most valuable of all for drying purposes,
for the reason that it is very firm, and retains its flavor and form
better than any of the others. It has been stated that but two and a
half to three quarts of fresh berries will make a pound of dried
fruit. I think it would be well for those who are far from market to
experiment with this variety. If it is equal to the claims made for
it, it can be made very profitable.

The _Nemaha_ originated with Ex-Governor Furnas, of Nebraska. Charles
A. Green says of this variety: "The season for ripening with the
Nemaha is a trifle later than the Gregg. The berries are equally
large, of better quality, equally productive and vigorous, and by far
more hardy. This point of hardiness of the Nemaha, it is hoped, will
make it the leading late variety, giving it preference over the
Gregg." I have fruited it alongside of the Gregg on my grounds, but
have failed to note any difference in fruit, cane, or season of
ripening.

The _Chapman, Hopkins,_ and others have been introduced, but I
fail to see why they should take the place of the fine old standard
varieties already described. For either market or home use the
Souhegan (early) and Gregg (late) leave little else to be desired.

BLACKBERRIES

Of the blackberries recently introduced, _Wilson Junior_ without doubt
produces the largest and finest fruit, and in this respect is probably
unsurpassed by any variety now in existence. But it is a child of the
old Wilson's Early, and I do not believe it will prove hardy north of
New Jersey. It resembles its well-known parent, but the fruit is
earlier, finer, and larger, fit for use as soon as black, and
sufficiently firm to carry well to market. Those who have tested it
affirm that, although it yields enormously, it has not failed to
perfect its crop. I should give it winter protection in this latitude.

The _Early Harvest_ is said to be the best very early blackberry
yet introduced. Mr. J. T. Lovett describes it as "first-class in every
respect, perfecting its entire crop before any other blackberry can be
gathered," and as "wonderfully prolific," It is of medium size, of
good flavor, and so firm that it carries to market in excellent
condition. In hardiness it is said to be second only to the Snyder and
Taylor.

_Taylor's Prolific_ is a variety that I was testing when this book was
written. It has fulfilled its promise. The plants have proved hardy
with me, the fruit of medium size, unusually fine-flavored, and very
abundant.

In the West Mr. M. Crawford speaks of the _Stone_ and especially of
the _Agawam_ as the hardiest of all the varieties that he had tested.
They were comparatively uninjured when nearly all the others were
killed to the ground.

There are other kinds which are good, but since they do not equal the
varieties already named in this volume, I see no reason for keeping
them before the public.

The _Industry_ gooseberry has been introduced by Ellwanger and Barry,
of Rochester, N.Y., who think it will "revolutionize gooseberry
culture in this country." It is an English variety, but has succeeded
so well in this country that it has been propagated and disseminated.
It remains to be seen whether it will continue to retain its vigor and
health in our climate. It is said to be unequalled for size, of fine
flavor, very productive, and showing no signs of mildew.

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