A.E.W. Mason - "At the Villa Rose"

Jeremiah Rev. Chaplin - "The Riches of Bunyan"

Victor Appleton - "Tom Swift And His Air Glider"

Agatha Armour - "Marguerite Verne"

Writing for Vaudeville

B >> Brett Page >> Writing for Vaudeville




This is but another way of stating the fact noted in the preceding
chapter, that the words and music of a popular song-hit are
indivisible. And yet Mr. Bernstein gives an authoritative reply
to the question with which this chapter opens.

Charles K. Harris put it in another way. Referring particularly
to the ballad--and to the particular style of ballad that has made
him famous--he said:

"The way to the whistling lips is always through the heart. Reach
the heart through your lyrics, and the lips will whistle the emotion
via the melody. When the heart has not been touched by the lyric,
the lips will prove rebellious. They may, indeed, whistle the
melody once, even twice, but it takes more than that to make a
song truly popular. A catchy tune is not sufficient in itself.
It goes far, it is true, but it will not go the entire distance
of popularity, or even two-thirds of the distance, unless it is
accompanied by a catchy lyric."

You may read into this a leaning toward the lyric, if you like.
And it might be better if you did, for you would then realize that
your part of a popular song must be as "great" as you can make it.
But whatever may be your opinion, it does not alter the fact that
both Mr. Harris and Mr. Bernstein have pointed out--catchy words
are needed as much as catchy melody. And permit me to say very
humbly that personally I have no leaning toward the musical one
of the twins: my reason for discussing first the musical elements,
is that a lyric writer often is called on to fit words to music,
and because an understanding of the musical elements forms a fine
foundation for an easy, and therefore a quick, dissection of the
popular song--that is all.

I. WHAT A POPULAR SONG LYRIC IS

In its original meaning, a lyric is verse designed to be sung to
the accompaniment of music. Nowadays lyrical poetry is verse in
which the poet's personal emotions are strongly shown. Popular
song-lyrics especially are not only designed to be sung, but are
verses that show a great deal of emotion--any kind of emotion.
But remember this point: Whatever and how great soever may be the
emotion striving for expression, the words designed to convey it
do not become lyrics until the emotion is _shown_, and shown in a
sort of verse which we shall presently examine. If you _convey_
emotion, your words may be worth thousands of dollars. If you
fail to convey it, they will be only a sad joke.

As illustrations of this vital point, and to serve as examples for
the examination of the elements of the popular lyric, read the
words of the following famous songs; and while you are reading
them you will see vividly how music completes the lyric. Stripped
of its music, a popular song-lyric is often about as attractive
as an ancient actress after she has taken off all the make-up that
in the setting of the stage made her look like a girl. Words with
music become magically one, the moving expression of the emotion
of their day.

IMPORTANT NOTE

All the popular song lyrics quoted in this volume are copyright
property and are used by special permission of the publishers, in
each instance personally granted to the author of this book. Many
of the lyrics have never before been printed without their music.
Warning:--Republication in any form by anyone whosoever will meet
with civil and criminal prosecution by the publishers under the
copyright law.


ALEXANDER'S RAGTIME BAND

Words and Music by IRVING BERLIN

Oh, ma honey, oh, ma honey,
Better hurry and let's meander,
Ain't you goin', ain't you goin,'
To the leader man, ragged meter man,
Oh, ma honey, oh, ma honey,
Let me take you to Alexander's grand stand, brass
band,
Ain't you comin' along?

CHORUS

Come on and hear, come on and hear
Alexander's ragtime band,
Come on and hear, come on and hear,
It's the best band in the land,
They can play a bugle call like you never heard
before,
So natural that you want to go to war;
That's just the bestest band what am, honey lamb,
Come on along, come on along,
Let me take you by the hand,
Up to the man, up to the man, who's the leader of
the band,
And if you care to hear the Swanee River played in
ragtime,
Come on and hear, come on and hear Alexander's
ragtime Band.

Oh, ma honey, oh, ma honey,
There's a fiddle with notes that screeches,
Like a chicken, like a chicken,
And the clarinet is a colored pet,
Come and listen, come and listen,
To a classical band what's peaches, come now,
somehow,
Better hurry along.


THE TRAIL OF THE LONESOME PINE

Words by Music by
BALLARD MACDONALD HARRY CARROLL

On a mountain in Virginia stands a lonesome pine,
Just below is the cabin home, of a little girl of mine,
Her name is June,
And very very soon,
She'll belong to me,
For I know she's waiting there for me,
'Neath that old pine tree.

REFRAIN

In the Blue Ridge mountains of Virginia,
On the trail of the lonesome pine,
In the pale moonshine our hearts entwine,
Where she carved her name and I carved mine,
Oh, June, like the mountains I'm blue,
Like the pine, I am lonesome for you,
In the Blue Ridge mountains of Virginia,
On the trail of the lonesome pine.
I can hear the tinkling water-fall far among the hills,
Bluebirds sing each so merrily, to his mate rapture
thrills,
They seem to say, Your June is lonesome too.
Longing fills her eyes,
She is waiting for you patiently,
Where the pine tree sighs.


WHEN THE BELL IN THE LIGHTHOUSE
RINGS DING DONG

Lyric by Music by
ARTHUR J. LAMB ALFRED SOLMAN

Just a glance in your eyes, my bonnie Kate,
Then over the sea go I,
While the sea-gulls circle around the ship,
And the billowy waves roll high.
And over the sea and away, my Kate,
Afar to the distant West;
But ever and ever a thought I'll have,
For the lassie who loves me best.

REFRAIN

When the bell in the lighthouse rings ding, dong,
When it clangs with its warning loud and long,
Then a sailor will think of his sweetheart so true,
And long for the day he'll come back to you;
And his love will be told in the bell's brave song
When the bell in the lighthouse rings ding, dong,
Ding! Dong! Ding! Dong!
When the bell in the lighthouse rings
Ding! Dong! Ding! Dong!

For a day is to come, my bonnie Kate,
When joy in our hearts shall reign
And we'll laugh to think of the dangers past,
When you rest in my arms again.
For back to your heart I will sail, my Kate,
With love that is staunch and true;
In storm or in calm there's a star of hope,
That's always to shine for you.


SWEET ITALIAN LOVE

Words by Music by
IRVING BERLIN TED SNYDER

Everyone talk-a how they make-a da love
Call-a da sweet name like-a da dove,
It makes me sick when they start in to speak-a
Bout the moon way up above.
What's-a da use to have-a big-a da moon?
What's the use to call-a da dove
If he no like-a she, and she no like-a he,
The moon can't make them love. But,

CHORUS

Sweet Italian love,
Nice Italian love,

You don't need the moon-a-light your love to tell her,
In da house or on da roof or in da cellar,
Dat's Italian love,
Sweet Italian love;
When you kiss-a your pet,
And it's-a like-a spagette,
Dat's Italian love.

Ev'ryone say they like da moon-a da light,
There's one-a man up in da moon all-a right,
But he no tell-a that some other nice feller
Was-a kiss your gal last night.
Maybe you give your gal da wedding-a ring,
Maybe you marry, like-a me
Maybe you love your wife, maybe for all your life,
But dat's only maybe. But,

CHORUS

Sweet Italian love,
Nice Italian love,
When you squeeze your gal and she no say, "Please
stop-a!"
When you got dat twenty kids what call you "Papa!"
Dat's Italian love,
Sweet Italian love;
When you kiss one-a time,
And it's-a feel like-a mine,
Dat's Italian love!


OH HOW THAT GERMAN COULD LOVE

Words by Music by
IRVING BERLIN TED SNYDER

Once I got stuck on a sweet little German,
And oh what a German was she,
The best what was walking, well, what's the use talking,
Was just made to order for me.
So lovely and witty; more yet, she was pretty,
You don't know until you have tried.
She had such a figure, it couldn't be bigger,
And there was some one yet beside.

CHORUS

Oh how that German could love,
With a feeling that came from the heart,
She called me her honey, her angel, her money,
She pushed every word out so smart.
She spoke like a speaker, and oh what a speech,
Like no other speaker could speak;
Ach my, what a German when she kissed her Herman,
It stayed on my cheek for a week.

This girl I could squeeze, and it never would hurt,
For that lady knew how to squeeze;
Her loving was killing, more yet, she was willing,
You never would have to say please.
I just couldn't stop her, for dinner and supper,
Some dishes and hugs was the food;
When she wasn't nice it was more better twice;
When she's bad she was better than good.

Sometimes we'd love for a week at a time,
And it only would seem like a day;
How well I remember, one night in December,
I felt like the middle of May.
I'll bet all I'm worth, that when she came on earth,
All the angels went out on parade;
No other one turned up, I think that they burned up
The pattern from which she was made.


WHEN IT STRIKES HOME

Words and Music by CHARLES K. HARRIS

You sit at home and calmly read your paper,
Which tells of thousands fighting day by day,
Of homeless babes and girls who've lost their sweet-hearts,
But to your mind it all seems far away.

REFRAIN

When it strikes home, gone is the laughter,
When it strikes home your heart's forlorn,
When it strikes home the tears fall faster,
For those dear ones who've passed and gone.
And when you hear of brave boys dying,
You may not care, they're not your own;
But just suppose you lost your loved ones,
That is the time when it strikes home.
Out on the street, a newsboy crying "Extra,"
Another ship has gone down, they say;
'Tis then you kiss your wife and little daughter,
Give heartfelt thanks that they are safe today.


MY LITTLE DREAM GIRL

Words by Music by
L. WOLFE GILBERT ANATOL FRIEDLAND

The night time, the night time is calling me,
It's dream-time, sweet dream-time, for you and me.
I'm longing, I'm longing to close my eyes,
For there a sweet vision lies.

REFRAIN

My little dream girl,
You pretty dream girl,
Sometimes I seem, girl, to own your heart.
Each night you haunt me,
By day you taunt me,
I want you, I want you, I need you so.
Don't let me waken,
Learn I'm mistaken,
Find my faith shaken, in you, sweetheart.
I'd sigh for,
I'd cry for, sweet dreams forever,
My little dream girl, good-night.

While shadows are creeping through darkest night,
In dream-land, sweet dream-land, there's your love-light.
It's beaming, it's gleaming, and all for me,
Your vision I long to see.


MEMORIES

Lyric by Music by
BRETT PAGE SOL. P. LEVY

Oh, those happy days, when first we met, before you
said good-bye,
You soon forgot, I can't forget, no matter how I try,
Those happy hours like incense burn,
They're all that's left for me,
You took my heart and in return
You gave a memory.

Oh, memories, dear memories, of days I can't forget,
Dear memories, sweet memories, my eyes with tears grow wet,
For like a rose that loves the sun,
And left to die when day is done,
I gave my all, the heart you won,
Sweetheart, I can't forget.

In all my dreams I dream of you, your arms enfold
me, dear.
Your tender voice makes dreams seem true, your
lips to mine are near.
But when I turn your kiss to take,
You turn away from me,
In bitter sadness I awake,
Awake to memory.

Oh, memories, dear memories, a face I can't forget,
Oh, memories, sweet memories, a voice that haunts me yet,
For like a rose that loves the sun,
And left to die when day is done,
I gave my all, the heart you won,
Sweetheart, I can't forget.


PUT ON YOUR OLD GREY BONNET

Words by Music by
STANLEY MURPHY PERCY WENRIGHT

On the old farm-house veranda
There sat Silas and Miranda,
Thinking of the days gone by.
Said he "Dearie, don't be weary,
You were always bright and cheery,
But a tear, dear, dims your eye."
Said she, "They're tears of gladness,
Silas, they're not tears of sadness,
It is fifty years today since we were wed."
Then the old man's dim eyes brightened,
And his stern old heart it lightened,
As he turned to her and said:

CHORUS

"Put on your old grey bonnet with the blue ribbons
on it,
While I hitch old Dobbin to the shay,
And through the fields of clover, we'll drive up to Dover,
On our Golden Wedding Day."

It was in the same old bonnet,
With the same blue ribbon on it,
In the old shay by his side,
That he drove her up to Dover,
Thro' the same old fields of clover,
To become his happy bride.
The birds were sweetly singing
And the same old bells were ringing,
As they passed the quaint old church where they were wed.
And that night when stars were gleaming,
The old couple lay a-dreaming,
Dreaming of the words he said:


THERE'S A LITTLE SPARK OF LOVE
STILL BURNING

Words by Music by
JOE MCCARTHY FRED FISCHER

There was a fire burning in my heart,
Burning for years and for years,
Your love and kisses gave that flame a start,
I put it out with my tears;
You don't remember, I can't forget,
That old affection lives with me yet,
I keep on longing, to my regret,
I know I can't forget.

CHORUS

There's a little spark of love still burning,
And yearning down in my heart for you,
There's a longing there for your returning,
I want you, I do!
So come, come, to my heart again,
Come, come, set that love aflame,
For there's a little spark of love still burning,
And yearning for you.

I left you laughing when I said good-bye,
Laughing, but nobody knew
How much relief I found when I could cry,
I cried my heart out for you;
I've loved you more than you ever know,
Though years have passed I've wanted you so,
Bring back the old love, let new love grow,
Come back and whisper low:


WHEN I LOST YOU
By IRVING BERLIN

The roses each one, met with the sun,
Sweetheart, when I met you.
The sunshine had fled, the roses were dead,
Sweetheart, when I lost you.

CHORUS

I lost the sunshine and roses,
I lost the heavens of blue,

I lost the beautiful rainbow,
I lost the morning dew;
I lost the angel who gave me
Summer the whole winter through,
I lost the gladness that turned into sadness,
When I lost you.

The birds ceased their song, right turned to wrong,
Sweetheart, when I lost you.
A day turned to years, the world seem'd in tears,
Sweetheart, when I lost you.


II. QUALITIES OF THE POPULAR SONG LYRIC

Having read these eleven lyrics of varying emotions, note the
rather obvious fact that

1. Most Popular Songs Have Two Verses and One Chorus

I am not now speaking of the "production song," which may have a
dozen verses, and as many different catch-lines in the chorus to
stamp the one chorus as many different choruses, but only of the
popular song. And furthermore, while two different choruses are
sometimes used in popular songs, the common practice is to use but
one chorus.

Now let us see the reason for a peculiarity that must have struck
you in reading these lyrics.

2. A Regular Metre is Rare

Metre is the arrangement of emphatic and unemphatic syllables in
verse on a measured plan, and is attained by the use of short
syllables of speech varied in different rotations by long syllables.
The metrical character of English poetry depends upon _the recurrence
of similarly accented syllables at short and more or less regular
intervals_. Let us take this as the definition of what I mean by
metre in the few sentences in which I shall use the word.

Among recognized poets there has always been a rather strict
adherence to regularity of form. Indeed, at times in the history
of literature, poetry, to be considered poetry, had to confine
itself to an absolutely rigid form. In such periods it has been
as though the poet were presented with a box, whose depth and
breadth and height could not be altered, and were then ordered to
fill it full of beautiful thoughts expressed in beautiful words,
and to fill it exactly, or be punished by having his work considered
bad.

In ages past this rigidity of rule used to apply to the song-poet
also, although the minstrel has always been permitted more latitude
than other poets. To-day, however, the poet of the popular song
may write in any measure his fancy dictates, and he may make his
metre as regular or as irregular as he wishes. He may do anything
he wants, in a song. Certainly, his language need not be either
exact or "literary." Practically all that is demanded is that his
lyrics convey emotion. The song-poet's license permits a world
of metrical and literary sinning. I am not either apologizing for
or praising this condition--I am simply stating a proved fact.

3. Irregularity of Metre May Even Be a Virtue

Even without "scanning" the lyrics of the eleven songs you have
just read their irregularity of metre is plain. It is so plain
that some of the irregularities rise up and smite your ears. This
is why some popular songs seem so "impossible" without their music.
And the reason why they seem so pleasing with their music is that
the music takes the place of regularity with delightful satisfaction.
The very irregularity is what often gives the composer his opportunity
to contribute melodious punches, for the words of a popular song
are a series of catchy phrases. In some cases irregularity in a
song may be the crowning virtue that spells success.

4. Regularity and Precision of Rhymes Are Not Necessary

There is no need to point to specific examples of the lack of
regularity in the recurrence of rhymes in most of the lyric specimens
here printed, or in other famous songs. Nor is there any necessity
to instance the obvious lack of precise rhyming. Neither of these
poetic qualities has ever been a virtue of the average popular
song-poet.

So far as the vital necessities of the popular song go, rhymes may
occur regularly or irregularly, with fine effect in either instance,
and the rhymes may be precise or not. To rhyme _moon_ with _June_
is not unforgivable. The success of a popular song depends on
entirely different bases. Nevertheless, a finely turned bit of
rhyming harmony may strike the ear and stand out from its fellows
like a lovely symphony of fancy. If you have given any attention
to this point of rhyming you can recall many instances of just
what I mean.

5. Strive for Regular and Precise Rhyming--If Fitting

If you can be regular and if you can be precise in the use of
rhymes in your song-poem, be regular and be precise. Don't be
irregular and slovenly just because others have been and succeeded.
You will not succeed if you build your lyrics on the faults and
not on the virtues of others. The song-poem that gleams like a
flawless gem will have a wider and more lasting success--all other
things being equal.

On the other hand, it is absolutely fatal to strive for regularity
and precision, and thereby lose expression. If you have to choose,
choose irregularity and faulty rhymes. This is an important bit
of advice, for a song-poem is not criticized for its regularity
and precision--it is either taken to heart and loved in spite of
its defects, or is forgotten as valueless. As Winifred Black wrote
of her child, "I love her not for her virtues, but oh, for the
endearing little faults that make her what she is."

6. Hints On Lyric Measures

Reference to the lyrics already instanced will show you that they
are written in various measures. And while it is foreign to my
purpose to discuss such purely technical points of poetry, [1]
permit me to direct your attention to a few points of song measure.

[1] The Art of Versification, by J. Berg Esenwein and Mary Eleanor
Roberts--one of the volumes in "The Writer's Library"--covers this
subject with a thoroughness it would be useless for me to attempt.
Therefore if you wish to take this subject up more in detail, I
refer you to this excellent book.

An individual poetic measure is attained by the use of metre in a
certain distinct way. Because the normal combinations of the
emphatic and the unemphatic syllables of the English language are
but five, there are only five different poetic measures. Let us
now see how an investigation of the bafflingly unexact measures
of our examples will yield--even though their irregular natures
will not permit of precise poetic instances--the few helpful hints
we require.

(a) _The first measure_--called by students of poetry the trochaic
measure--is founded on the use of a long or emphatic syllable
followed by a short or unemphatic syllable, It has a light, tripping
movement, therefore it is peculiarly fitted for the expression of
lively subjects. One of our examples shows this rather clearly:


' ' ' ' '
There's a | little | spark of | love still | burning


Yet this is not a measure that is commonly found in the popular
song. Other combinations seem to fit popular song needs quite as
well, if not better.

(b) _The second measure_--called the iambic measure--is the reverse
of the first. That is, the short or unemphatic syllable precedes
the long or emphatic syllable. "Alexander's Ragtime Band " uses
this measure at the beginning of the chorus.


' ' ' '
Come on | and hear | come on | and hear


The first verse of Mr. Harris's song shows this measure even more
clearly:


' ' ' ' '
You sit | at home | and calm | ly read | your pa | per


This second measure, being less sustained in syllabic force, is
more easily kept up than the first measure. It is therefore in
common use.

(c) _The third measure_--called the dactylic measure--is formed
of a combination of three syllables. Its characteristic is an
emphatic syllable followed by two unemphatic syllables, as:


' '
The | old oak en | buck et

' '
The | iron bound | buck et


(d) _The fourth measure_--called by the frighteningly long name
of amphibrachic measure--is formed by a short or unemphatic syllable
followed by a long or emphatic syllable, which is followed again
by another short or unemphatic syllable.


' ' '
I won der | who's kiss ing | her now


(e) _The fifth measure_--called anapestic measure--is made up of
two short or unemphatic followed by a long or emphatic syllable.


' ' '
When the bell | in the light | house rings ding | dong


All these three-syllabic measures have a quicker movement than the
two-syllabic, owing to the greater number of unaccented, unemphatic
syllables. They lend themselves to a rushing impetuosity of
expression which is the notable characteristic of the popular song.
But they are not always regular, even in high-grade poetry.
Therefore in the popular song we may look for, and certainly be
sure to find, all sorts of variations from the regular forms here
given. Indeed, regularity, as has been clearly pointed out, is
the exception and not the rule; for few single lines, and, in a
still more marked degree, almost no songs, adhere to one measure
throughout. Precisely as "apt alliteration's artful aid" may be
used or not used as may suit his purpose best, so the song-writer
makes regularity of measure subservient to the effect he desires.

However, I give these examples not with a view to the encouragement
of either regularity or irregularity. My purpose is to show you
what combinations are possible, and to say, as the jockey whispers
in the eager ear of the racehorse he has held back so long, "Go
to it!" Break every rule you want to--only break a record. As Mr.
Berlin said, "I've broken every rule of versification and of music,
and the result has often been an original twist. In popular songs
a comparative ignorance of music is an advantage. Further, since
my vocabulary is somewhat limited through lack of education, it
follows that my lyrics are simple."

This is only Berlin's modest way of saying that not one in ten
successful song-writers know anything about the art of music, and
that very few are well enough educated to err on the side of
involved language and write other than simple lyrics. He drew the
application as to himself alone, although his native genius makes
it less true of him than of many another less gifted. The big
point of this observation lies in his emphasis on the fact that

7. Simple Lyrics and Simple Music Are Necessary

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